/e/ (operating system)

/e/ (also known as /e/ OS and /e/OS, formerly Eelo) is a fork of LineageOS, an Android-based mobile operating system, and associated online services. /e/ is presented as privacy software that does not contain proprietary Google apps or services, and challenges the public to "find any parts of the system or default applications that are still leaking data to Google".

Software

/e/ is a fork of LineageOS, which is a fork of the CyanogenMod and Android operating systems. /e/ uses MicroG, "an open source project that hijacks Google API calls" according to Ron Amadeo of Ars Technica, as an alternative for Google Play Services and geolocation.

Some /e/ applications and sources are proprietary. /e/ includes a non-open-source maps app, Magic Earth. A privacy app was proprietary when first developed, then open source after release.

As of February 2026[update] builds based on Android versions up to 15 were available.

History

In 2017, Mandrake Linux creator Gaël Duval proposed the concept of an operating system without privacy-invasive software as a "non-profit project 'in the public interest'". Duval wrote, "Apple, Google, Facebook etc., business models are harmful for our economical and social environments". The operating system was initially called Eelo; the name was inspired by moray eels, which Duval saw as "fish that can hide in the sea". Duval launched a Kickstarter crowdfunding campaign with an initial goal of €25,000, and received at least €71,000 from contributors.

Eelo was renamed to /e/ in July 2018 due to a conflict with the "eelloo" trademark, which was owned by a human resources company. In a March 2020 interview, Duval stated the /e/ name would be abandoned "for something else quite soon".

Beta versions of /e/ were released for 20 to 30 smartphone models in September 2018. As of February 2026 /e/ supported 271 smartphone models. As of April 2020, /e/ was teaming with Fairphone to sell phones.

Corporations and organizations

ECORP SAS, a privately held corporation founded in 2018 with Gaël Duval President and Alexis Noetinger General Director, operates the online store selling phones with /e/ operating system pre-installed, and the included online services.

ESolutions SAS, a privately held corporation, was formed in January 2020 with Ecorp SAS listed as President[clarification needed] and Alexis Noetinger as General Director. ESolutions operates the online store for sales of phones and cloud storage subscriptions.

Murena phones

In May 2022, Liam Proven writing for The Register reported that Murena "privacy-centric" phones would be sold by Murena company with /e/ included. The Murena company was established as a different entity for selling these phones, and ESolutions SAS was re-named Murena Retail. The Murena One, a budget hardware device running Android 10, was priced "noticeably more expensive than the rock-bottom budget end of the market". Proven also said /e/ OS feels "clunky in places", functionality was restricted compared with full Google Android, but it worked and was fast and stable. David Pierce of The Verge said App Lounge required accepting Terms of Service, and you download Play apps from Google in a "different-looking store". The connection to Google made "a lot of Murena's early testers mad" according to Pierce. Pierce concluded Murena and /e/OS showed "how ingrained Google is in our digital lives" and how much control Google has. Michael Allison of Digital Trends said at the time "Murena will all but certainly fail" and "A de-Googled smartphone can never hit mass appeal".

In November 2022, Ferdinand Thommes, after testing a pre-production Murena One, wrote for linux-community.de, "The range of basic applications on the Murena One covers the usual applications well" and has a "uniform look". Thommes said all included apps were open-source except Magic Earth navigation. Apart from short-term, unidentified problems with Wi-Fi, which were fixed after several reboots, and an NFC failure, "the software and hardware worked without any problems". Thommes stated /e/OS "is not hardened in any way", and recommended GrapheneOS or CalyxOS if you need a hardened smartphone. He also said the supplied version of /e/OS was "based on Android 10, which is no longer supported by Google". About the included MicroG, Thommes wrote "many communities like LineageOS are critical of it because it uses signature spoofing" which, if handled carelessly, can "increase the attack surface of your system". Thommes said the hardware was "solid-looking and well-held", from the "lower mid-range", with a four-year-old Mediatek Helio P60, describing it as "in the lower third of performance", with camera quality that is "acceptable at best." He said Murena One is aimed at people who do not want to leave their data to Google, and do not want to install and maintain an operating system. Thommes stated respect is due to Gaël Duval, who has been working on the operating system since 2017, and concluded "For German users, the Volla Phone 22 offers a possible alternative to the Murena One."

As of 2026[update] Murena continued to sell a range of updated phones, and a tablet computer.

Reception

The Free Software Foundation declined to endorse /e/ because it "contains nonfree libraries". Ross Rubin of Fast Company described /e/'s strategy as a "Google-like approach" of maximizing user adoption, in contrast to hardware manufacturer and software developer Purism's "Apple-like approach" of vertical integration. Jack Wallen of TechRepublic believed that /e/ will "prove Android can exist without Google", but predicted that the operating system would not appeal to ordinary smartphone users. Sascha Segan of PC Magazine was "encouraged by /e/, and by its determination to create an easy-to-use (and, hopefully, easy to install) alternative," but was "queasy about the sources of third-party apps on /e/." He also defended /e/ against InfoSec Handbook's criticisms, which /e/ "took to heart and has been working on it in public bug threads anyone can read online."

In November 2020, Tim Anderson of The Register said installation of /e/ is "not for the fainthearted" but the operating system "feels lightweight and responsive" because of "fewer background services than on a typical Android device."

In a review in March 2021, Ron Amadeo of Ars Technica said, "Actually getting regular Android apps to run on a forked version of Android is a challenge", and "there's a good chance that functionality won't work on /e/ OS." He also described "/e/'s communication problems".

In August 2022 for TomsGuide.com, Jordan Palmer wrote about experimenting with installing /e/OS version 1 on an ASUS ZenFone 8, Pixel 4a, and Pixel 5, and summarized by saying, "I don't want to be mean, but I also can't sugarcoat it: the documentation and recovery aren't good experiences." Palmer was unable to get the "Easy Installer" for Pixel 4a to run on Fedora or Manjaro. Of the "iOS influence" and "Apple-like design", Palmer "had hoped for more originality" and criticized using the two years old Android 11 version. Palmer said "The system apps all seem to work OK, even on the Pixel 4a's hardware" but was baffled because the Google Fi app was preinstalled, and concluded "If I can get the ROM installed properly on the Zenfone 8 I have in my office, I might just give /e/OS another shot as my daily driver".

Releases

See also

• Comparison of mobile operating systems
• Criticism of Google
• DeGoogle
• List of custom Android distributions

External links