The 2023–24 Formula One Sim Racing World Championship was an esports competition for Formula One which is the seventh season of the Formula One Esports Series and the first in the series to be named as the "Formula One Sim Racing Championship." It was held on Formula One's official 2023 game, featuring all ten teams from the real-life sport.

After being runner-up in the standings for four prior seasons in a row, Frederik Rasmussen of Oracle Red Bull Sim Racing won the Driver's Championship for the first time in his career after a long battle with Thomas Ronhaar and Bari Broumand, the latter of whom helped his team Scuderia Ferrari Esports win the Constructor's Championship for the first time. Lucas Blakeley and McLaren Shadow were the defending champions, but scored no wins at all and dropped to the midfield.

The championship has been subject to significant backlash by both drivers and fans. The first issue was on the eve of Event One, which, despite being planned to host two races, only managed to host one due to complications surrounding legal contracts relating to the prize money for the series. Soon after Event One, it was leaked that Event Two, which was set to be hosted at DreamHack Atlanta, had been cancelled. Following this, the series sat in limbo until a set calendar was revealed on 2 April 2024, with the rest of the races starting on 10 April 2024 and ending on 9 May 2024.

Format

  • Pro Championship

The drivers will race in a series of 3 LAN events that are broadcast live. Same as F1, drivers must make one pit stop if the weather is dry, and are not obligated to do so if it's wet. They earn points for themselves and their teams. These points will determine the F1 Sim Racing World Championship Teams’ and Drivers’ World Champions, with a total $750,000 prize fund.

Teams and drivers

TeamRace drivers
No.Driver nameRounds
France Alpine Esports93 38 80Spain Rubén Pedreño Slovakia Filip Prešnajder Hungary Patrik Sipos1–3, 6–12 2–5 1, 4–12
United Kingdom Aston Martin Aramco Esports Team8 30 32Chile Fabrizio Donoso Germany Simon Weigang United Kingdom John Evans1–2, 6–12 1–5, 9–11 3–8, 12
Switzerland KICK F1 Sim Racing Team39 72 N.A.Netherlands Thomas Ronhaar United Kingdom Brendon Leigh Netherlands Xander van DijkenAll All Did not compete
United Kingdom McLaren Shadow12 88 26United Kingdom Wilson Hughes United Kingdom Lucas Blakeley Spain Dani Moreno1–5, 8–9, 12 All 6–7, 10–11
Germany Mercedes-AMG Petronas Esports Team15 5 25Hungary Daniel Bereznay Netherlands Jarno Opmeer United Kingdom Jake Benham1, 4–5, 8–9, 12 All 2–3, 6–7, 10–11
United States MoneyGram Haas F1 Team Esports95 41 37Turkey Ulaş Özyıldrım United Kingdom Alfie Butcher Hungary Bence Szabó-KónyiAll All Did not compete
Austria Oracle Red Bull Sim Racing52 19 13United Kingdom Josh Idowu Denmark Frederik Rasmussen United Kingdom Sebastian JobAll All Did not compete
Italy Scuderia AlphaTauri Orlen Esports Team6 79 51United Kingdom Tom Manley United Kingdom Jed Norgrove Finland Joni Törmälä1, 4–8, 10–12 1–5, 8–10, 12 2–3, 6–7, 9, 11
Italy Scuderia Ferrari Esports7 40 62Iran Bari Broumand France Nicolas Longuet Hungary István PukiAll All Did not compete
United Kingdom Williams Esports9 73 54Spain Álvaro Carretón United Kingdom Will Lewis Spain Ismael Fahssi1–3, 6–12 4–5 All
Sources:

Calendar

After the first round was held in November, a full schedule was announced in late March.

As per the official F1 Sim Racing Championship 2023-24 rulebook, the championship took place over three "race weeks;" all rounds were broken down into five events with each event consisting of two to three races.

RoundCircuitDistanceDateBroadcastEventEvent Winner
1Bahrain Bahrain International Circuit, Sakhir29 laps25 November 2023on YouTubeRace week 1 - Jönköping, Sweden DreamHack Winter 2023 Championship Event 1Netherlands Thomas Ronhaar
2Saudi Arabia Jeddah Corniche Circuit, Jeddah25 laps10 April 2024on YouTubeRace week 2 - Stockholm, Sweden Championship Event 2
3Austria Red Bull Ring, Spielberg36 lapsSpain Ismael Fahssi
4United Kingdom Silverstone Circuit, Silverstone26 laps11 April 2024on YouTube
5Belgium Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps, Stavelot22 LapsDenmark Frederik Rasmussen
6Netherlands Circuit Zandvoort, Zandvoort36 Laps12 April 2024on YouTube
7United States Circuit of the Americas, Austin, Texas28 laps
8Mexico Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez, Mexico City36 laps7 May 2024on YouTubeRace week 3 - Stockholm, Sweden Championship Event 3Netherlands Thomas Ronhaar
9Brazil Interlagos Circuit, São Paulo36 laps
10United States Las Vegas Strip Circuit, Paradise, Nevada25 laps8 May 2024on YouTubeIran Bari Broumand
11Qatar Losail International Circuit, Lusail29 laps
12United Arab Emirates Yas Marina Circuit, Abu Dhabi29 laps9 May 2024on YouTube
Source:

Calendar Changes

The Jeddah Corniche Circuit replaced the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari, making its debut on the calendar. The Autodromo Nazionale di Monza and Suzuka International Racing Course were also absent, being replaced by the Las Vegas Strip Circuit and the Lusail International Circuit respectively.

Season report

Event One: DreamHack Winter 2023

Round 1 was held during DreamHack Winter 2023, held in Jönköping, Sweden. It was the first F1 Sim Racing LAN event since 2019.

At the opening round in Bahrain, Kick F1's Thomas Ronhaar took pole position and led from the start, dominating the race. Nicolas Longuet was involved in a collision at turn 1 on lap 6, clashing with reigning champion Lucas Blakeley and rookie Alfie Butcher. Longuet managed to recover following a wing change to finish 3rd, while Blakeley was left dropping down the field on worn softs. Two-time champion Jarno Opmeer made his way through the field to P2, including making a double overtake, to finish 6 seconds behind winner Ronhaar from P9 on the grid. Ronhaar’s teammate, two-time champion Brendon Leigh, struggled with issues on his racing simulator, finishing down in twelfth after starting 14th. Jed Norgrove finished seventh on debut for AlphaTauri after starting P8. Ronhaar received a $5,000 prize for winning the event.

Event Two

After nearly five months, the season resumed at Jeddah with Frederik Rasmussen taking pole position. Rookie Butcher qualified an impressive third place, but shunted into Ferrari's Bari Broumand during their pitstops, giving him damage and forcing him into retirement. Ronhaar battled with Williams rookie Ismael Fahssi and Blakeley for the podium positions, and in the end Rasmussen took his thirteenth career victory from Ronhaar, Fahssi, and Blakeley.

Ronhaar took pole position in Austria and spent the first third of the race battling with Broumand for the lead. Blakeley disconnected from the race, meaning a Virtual Safety Car was called for a lap to allow Blakeley to rejoin the server. The incident affected several strategies and, after the round of pitstops, led to Butcher taking the lead from twelfth on the grid after teammate Ulaş Özyıldrım backed up the pack to form a clear gap for him. This allowed Butcher to take his maiden race win with Ronhaar second and Fahssi third. Rasmussen could only manage eighth, and Opmeer withdrew from the race after receiving a ten-second penalty in game for speeding under the VSC.

Opmeer received a grid penalty for the race at Silverstone for withdrawing from the Austrian Grand Prix without proper reason and exiting his simulator rig mid-race without permission. This meant that despite Opmeer setting the fastest lap time in qualifying, his Mercedes teammate Daniel Bereznay started on pole position. Opmeer responded by going on a longer strategy during the race, getting a set of six-lap younger tires than the rest of the frontrunners with twelve laps to go. He charged through the field and took his only win of the season ahead of Longuet, Bereznay, and Fahssi. Championship leader Ronhaar could only manage eighth.

Ronhaar's luck worsened during the Belgian Grand Prix, only finishing tenth. Pole-sitter Broumand battled with Blakeley on the final lap, eventually winning ahead of Blakeley in second with Rasmussen third and Idowu fourth, while Opmeer finished fifth with the fastest lap. Ronhaar's lead in the championship decreased to three points ahead of Rasmussen and seven points to Opmeer.

Longuet took pole at the Dutch Grand Prix, but as an originally wet track dried, he pitted for the mediums when the game bugged and gave him the wrong set of tires; he pitted again for the right set, dropping down to last. Rasmussen inherited the lead to take a comfortable victory, and with it not only became the first repeat winner of the season but also surpassed eleventh-placed Ronhaar for the championship lead.

Blakeley took pole at the United States Grand Prix, but lost out at the start to Broumand, Rasumssen and Alvaro Carreton at the start. His strategy didn't help him progress, leaving him stuck at fourth. Rasmussen tussled with Broumand to win ahead of him and Leigh, ensuring he would lead the championship for the next two rounds. Alpine scored their first points in the championship, with its drivers Patrik Sipos and Ruben Pedreno finishing seventh and eighth respectively. Rasmussen left Event Two with a 41-point lead over Broumand, with Opmeer a further point back and Ronhaar a further five. Red Bull Racing led the Constructor’s Championship by twenty points over Mercedes, thirty over Ferrari, and fifty over Kick.

Event Three

Broumand took pole for the Mexico City Grand Prix, and subsequently battled with Ronhaar and Rasmussen throughout the race. Leigh went wide at turn 11 midway and crashed out, marking the only damage-based retirement of the season. Ronhaar won the race, breaking Opmeer's three-win streak at Mexico City. Broumand, Rasmussen, and Butcher followed behind, while Pedreño got his best result of the season in fifth.

Ronhaar took pole for the Brazilian Grand Prix, while Broumand was forced to start in sixteenth following a rain-affected qualifying. After a lobby restart on the first lap, Blakeley and Simon Weigang battled with Ronhaar and Rasmussen for the lead, while Opmeer began a recovery stint from fourteenth. Rasmussen's strategy failed and put him sixth at the end, while Ronhaar won a second time in a row to put him twenty-two points behind Rasmussen. Carreton originally finished second, but received a post-race penalty and dropped out of the points. Butcher inherited second and Opmeer inherited third, while Ferrari left Brazil with no points; Longuet lost fourth due to a penalty, and Broumand retired late race due to a spin.

Ferrari redeemed themselves in the Las Vegas Grand Prix; Longuet took pole position for the race, and Broumand headed a 1-2 from Longuet in a battle-filled race. Opmeer and Ronhaar followed behind, while Rasmussen finished sixth and Blakeley crashed on the finish line in ninth. Ronhaar reduced his gap to Rasmussen down to eighteen points, meaning only he, Broumand, and Opmeer could challenge Rasmussen for the title.

Broumand took pole the same day for the Qatar Grand Prix, while Rasmussen suffered an exit in the second qualifying session. After the latter and teammate Josh Idowu made their pitstops, Idowu backed up the likes of Pedreno, Opmeer, and Leigh to give Rasmussen more leniency in overtaking them. Broumand headed another 1-2 finish, eliminating Opmeer from the championship fight. Broumand had a three-point gap to third-placed Ronhaar, and a further thirteen points to fifth-placed Rasmussen. Ferrari's maximized results put them forty points ahead of Red Bull in the Team's Championship.

Ronhaar took pole for the season-ending Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, with Broumand joining him on the front row ahead of Longuet, while Rasmussen only achieved seventh. Just like he did in Qatar, Idowu held up several cars to give Rasmussen a benefit, which left him, Butcher and Bereznay behind but on fresher tires than Ronhaar and the two Ferraris in the second stint. Butcher battled all of the top five, jumbling up the order and shoving Broumand down to seventh. In the end, Butcher won the race and ended the season as the highest-placed rookie in the drivers' standings. Ronhaar finished the race in second with Bereznay third. Finishing in fourth place, Frederik Rasmussen secured his place as the F1 Sim Racing World Champion after being the runner-up four times previously. Ferrari won the Constructors' Championship, while Kick achieved second by out-scoring Red Bull in the final round, with Red Bull ending up third and Mercedes fourth. Ronhaar was runner-up in the drivers' championship with Broumand third, Opmeer fourth, Butcher fifth, Longuet sixth and 2022 champion Blakeley only seventh.

Results

Season summary

RoundCircuitPole positionFastest lapWinning driverWinning team
1Bahrain Bahrain International Circuit, SakhirNetherlands Thomas RonhaarUnited Kingdom Wilson HughesNetherlands Thomas RonhaarSwitzerland Alfa Romeo F1 Team Kick Esports
2Saudi Arabia Jeddah Corniche Circuit, JeddahDenmark Frederik RasmussenUnited Kingdom Jake BenhamDenmark Frederik RasmussenAustria Oracle Red Bull Sim Racing
3Austria Red Bull Ring, SpielbergNetherlands Thomas RonhaarFinland Joni TörmäläUnited Kingdom Alfie ButcherUnited States MoneyGram Haas F1 Team Esports
4United Kingdom Silverstone Circuit, SilverstoneHungary Daniel BereznayNetherlands Jarno OpmeerNetherlands Jarno OpmeerGermany Mercedes-AMG Petronas Esports Team
5Belgium Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps, StavelotIran Bari BroumandNetherlands Jarno OpmeerIran Bari BroumandItaly Scuderia Ferrari Esports
6Netherlands Circuit Zandvoort, ZandvoortFrance Nicolas LonguetSpain Ismael FahssiDenmark Frederik RasmussenAustria Oracle Red Bull Sim Racing
7United States Circuit of the Americas, Austin, TexasUnited Kingdom Lucas BlakeleyUnited Kingdom Alfie ButcherDenmark Frederik RasmussenAustria Oracle Red Bull Sim Racing
8Mexico Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez, Mexico CityIran Bari BroumandNetherlands Thomas RonhaarNetherlands Thomas RonhaarSwitzerland KICK F1 Sim Racing Team
9Brazil Interlagos Circuit, São PauloNetherlands Thomas RonhaarNetherlands Jarno OpmeerNetherlands Thomas RonhaarSwitzerland KICK F1 Sim Racing Team
10United States Las Vegas Strip Circuit, Paradise, NevadaFrance Nicolas LonguetUnited Kingdom Brendon LeighIran Bari BroumandItaly Scuderia Ferrari Esports
11Qatar Lusail International Circuit, LusailIran Bari BroumandSpain Rubén PedreñoIran Bari BroumandItaly Scuderia Ferrari Esports
12United Arab Emirates Yas Marina Circuit, Abu DhabiNetherlands Thomas RonhaarChile Fabrizio DonosoUnited Kingdom Alfie ButcherUnited States MoneyGram Haas F1 Team Esports

Championship standings

Scoring system

Points will be awarded to the top 10 classified finishers in the race and one point will be given to the driver who sets the fastest lap inside the top ten. Starting from this season, one extra point will be awarded to the pole-sitter.

Position1st2nd3rd4th5th6th7th8th9th10thPoleFL
Points25181512108642111

In the event of a tie at the conclusion of the championship, a count-back system is used as a tie-breaker, with a driver's/team's best result used to decide the standings.

Drivers' Championship standings

Pos.DriverBHR BahrainSAU Saudi ArabiaAUT AustriaGBR United KingdomBEL BelgiumNED NetherlandsUSA United StatesMXC MexicoSAP BrazilLVG United StatesQAT QatarABU United Arab EmiratesPoints
Pos. Driver BHR Bahrain SAU Saudi Arabia AUT Austria GBR United Kingdom BEL Belgium NED Netherlands USA United States MXC Mexico SAP Brazil LVG United States QAT Qatar ABU United Arab Emirates Points 1 Denmark Frederik Rasmussen 4 1P 7 7 3 1 1 3 4 6 5 4 172 2 Netherlands Thomas Ronhaar 1P 2 2P 8 10 11 19 1F 1P 4 3 2P 166 3 Iran Bari Broumand 5F 17 10 11 1P 2 2 2P Ret 1 1P 7 150 4 Netherlands Jarno Opmeer 2 7 Ret 1F 5F 7 8 8 3F 3 6 6 122 5 United Kingdom Alfie Butcher 9 Ret 1 18 Ret 4 5F 4 2 10 12 1 106 6 France Nicolas Longuet 3 8 6 2 13 20P 18 5 13 2P 2 5 103 7 United Kingdom Lucas Blakeley 17 4 14 6 2 6 4P 13 6 9 18 16 69 8 Spain Ismael Fahssi 8 3 3 4 8 9F 20 Ret 11 12 14 Ret 53 9 Hungary Daniel Bereznay 6 3P 6 12 10 3 48 10 United Kingdom Brendon Leigh 12 16 12 5 7 10 3 Ret 7 7F 16 9 47 11 United Kingdom Josh Idowu 10 9 9 9 4 5 7 9 17 11 15 15 37 12 Spain Álvaro Carretón 18 18 11 12 6 6 15 8 8 8 28 13 United Kingdom Jake Benham 5F 4 8 13 19 17 27 14 United Kingdom Tom Manley 16 13 9 3 12 7 Ret Ret Ret 23 15 United Kingdom Jed Norgrove 7 12 5F 14 14 16 16 17 11 17 16 Germany Simon Weigang 13 13 19 10 15 8 18 4 17 17 United Kingdom Wilson Hughes 19F 6 8 20 11 14 14 12 12 18 Finland Joni Törmälä 19 18 14 16 5 10 11 19 Turkey Ulaş Özyıldrım 14 11 13 17 16 19 11 17 12 5 11 17 10 20 Spain Rubén Pedreño 11 15 16 17 10 10 Ret 15 7F Ret 9 21 Chile Fabrizio Donoso 20 10 18 14 18 9 16 19 10F 5 22 Hungary Patrik Sipos 15 12 17 16 9 11 18 14 13 13 2 23 Spain Dani Moreno 13 15 13 9 2 24 United Kingdom John Evans 17 19 12 15 17 15 14 0 25 Slovakia Filip Prešnajder 14 15 15 18 0 26 United Kingdom Will Lewis 16 Ret 0 Pos. Driver BHR Bahrain SAU Saudi Arabia AUT Austria GBR United Kingdom BEL Belgium NED Netherlands USA United States MXC Mexico SAP Brazil LVG United States QAT Qatar ABU United Arab Emirates Points Sources:Key Colour Result Gold Winner Silver Second place Bronze Third place Green Other points position Blue Other classified position Not classified, finished (NC) Purple Not classified, retired (Ret) Red Did not qualify (DNQ) Did not pre-qualify (DNPQ) Black Disqualified (DSQ) White Did not start (DNS) Race cancelled (C) Blank Did not enter Annotation Meaning P Pole position F Fastest lap
1Denmark Frederik Rasmussen41P7731134654172
2Netherlands Thomas Ronhaar1P22P81011191F1P432P166
3Iran Bari Broumand5F1710111P222PRet11P7150
4Netherlands Jarno Opmeer27Ret1F5F7883F366122
5United Kingdom Alfie Butcher9Ret118Ret45F4210121106
6France Nicolas Longuet38621320P185132P25103
7United Kingdom Lucas Blakeley174146264P1369181669
8Spain Ismael Fahssi833489F20Ret111214Ret53
9Hungary Daniel Bereznay63P61210348
10United Kingdom Brendon Leigh12161257103Ret77F16947
11United Kingdom Josh Idowu1099945791711151537
12Spain Álvaro Carretón18181112661588828
13United Kingdom Jake Benham5F4813191727
14United Kingdom Tom Manley161393127RetRetRet23
15United Kingdom Jed Norgrove7125F14141616171117
16Germany Simon Weigang1313191015818417
17United Kingdom Wilson Hughes19F68201114141212
18Finland Joni Törmälä1918141651011
19Turkey Ulaş Özyıldrım1411131716191117125111710
20Spain Rubén Pedreño111516171010Ret157FRet9
21Chile Fabrizio Donoso20101814189161910F5
22Hungary Patrik Sipos15121716911181413132
23Spain Dani Moreno13151392
24United Kingdom John Evans171912151715140
25Slovakia Filip Prešnajder141515180
26United Kingdom Will Lewis16Ret0
Pos.DriverBHR BahrainSAU Saudi ArabiaAUT AustriaGBR United KingdomBEL BelgiumNED NetherlandsUSA United StatesMXC MexicoSAP BrazilLVG United StatesQAT QatarABU United Arab EmiratesPoints
Sources:
Key
ColourResult
GoldWinner
SilverSecond place
BronzeThird place
GreenOther points position
BlueOther classified position
Not classified, finished (NC)
PurpleNot classified, retired (Ret)
RedDid not qualify (DNQ)
Did not pre-qualify (DNPQ)
BlackDisqualified (DSQ)
WhiteDid not start (DNS)
Race cancelled (C)
BlankDid not enter
AnnotationMeaning
PPole position
FFastest lap

Teams' Championship standings

Pos.TeamBHR BahrainSAU Saudi ArabiaAUT AustriaGBR United KingdomBEL BelgiumNED NetherlandsUSA United StatesMXC MexicoSAP BrazilLVG United StatesQAT QatarABU United Arab EmiratesPoints
Pos. Team BHR Bahrain SAU Saudi Arabia AUT Austria GBR United Kingdom BEL Belgium NED Netherlands USA United States MXC Mexico SAP Brazil LVG United States QAT Qatar ABU United Arab Emirates Points 1 Italy Scuderia Ferrari Esports 3 8 6 2 1P 2 2 2P 13 1 1P 5 253 5F 17 10 11 13 20P 18 7 Ret 2P 2 7 2 Switzerland KICK F1 Sim Racing Team 1P 2 2P 5 7 10 3 1 1P 4 3 2P 213 12 16 12 8 10 11 19 Ret 7 7P 16 9 3 Austria Oracle Red Bull Sim Racing 4 1P 7 7 3 1 1 3 4 6 5 4 209 10 9 9 9 4 5 7 11 17 11 15 15 4 Germany Mercedes-AMG Petronas Esports Team 2 5F 4 1F 5F 7 8 9 3F 3 6 3 197 6 7 Ret 3P 6 8 13 10 10 19 17 6 5 United States MoneyGram Haas F1 Team Esports 9 11 1 17 16 4 5F 4 2 5 11 1 116 14 Ret 13 18 Ret 19 11 17 12 10 12 16 6 United Kingdom McLaren Shadow 17 4 8 6 2 6 4P 13 6 9 9 12 83 19 6 14 20 11 13 15 14 16 13 18 17 7 United Kingdom Williams Esports 8 3 3 4 8 9F 6 7 11 8 8 8 81 18 18 11 16 Ret 12 20 Ret 15 12 14 Ret 8 Italy Scuderia AlphaTauri Orlen Esports Team 7 12 5F 13 9 3 12 8 5 17 10 11 51 16 19 18 14 14 14 16 16 16 Ret Ret Ret 9 United Kingdom Aston Martin Aramco Esports Team 13 10 17 10 11 15 14 16 8 16 4 10F 22 20 13 19 19 15 18 17 18 9 18 19 14 10 France Alpine Esports 11 14 15 12 17 16 9 10 18 14 7F 13 11 15 15 16 15 18 17 10 12 Ret 15 13 Ret Pos. Team BHR Bahrain SAU Saudi Arabia AUT Austria GBR United Kingdom BEL Belgium NED Netherlands USA United States MXC Mexico SAP Brazil LVG United States QAT Qatar ABU United Arab Emirates Points Sources:
1Italy Scuderia Ferrari Esports38621P222P1311P5253
5F1710111320P187Ret2P27
2Switzerland KICK F1 Sim Racing Team1P22P5710311P432P213
1216128101119Ret77P169
3Austria Oracle Red Bull Sim Racing41P7731134654209
109994571117111515
4Germany Mercedes-AMG Petronas Esports Team25F41F5F7893F363197
67Ret3P6813101019176
5United States MoneyGram Haas F1 Team Esports9111171645F425111116
14Ret1318Ret19111712101216
6United Kingdom McLaren Shadow17486264P136991283
19614201113151416131817
7United Kingdom Williams Esports833489F671188881
18181116Ret1220Ret151214Ret
8Italy Scuderia AlphaTauri Orlen Esports Team7125F1393128517101151
161918141414161616RetRetRet
9United Kingdom Aston Martin Aramco Esports Team1310171011151416816410F22
20131919151817189181914
10France Alpine Esports11141512171691018147F1311
1515161518171012Ret1513Ret
Pos.TeamBHR BahrainSAU Saudi ArabiaAUT AustriaGBR United KingdomBEL BelgiumNED NetherlandsUSA United StatesMXC MexicoSAP BrazilLVG United StatesQAT QatarABU United Arab EmiratesPoints
Sources:

Notes:

  • The standings are sorted by best result, rows are not related to the drivers. In case of tie on points, the best positions achieved determined the outcome.

Notes

External links