29th United States Congress
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The 29th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1845, to March 4, 1847, during the first two years of James Polk's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1840 United States census. Both chambers had a Democratic majority.
Major events
- March 4, 1845: James K. Polk became President of the United States
- October 10, 1845: The Naval School (later renamed the United States Naval Academy) opened in Annapolis, Maryland
- December 2, 1845: President Polk announced to Congress that the Monroe Doctrine should be strictly enforced and that the United States should aggressively expand into the West.
- April 25, 1846: Open conflict over border disputes of Texas's boundaries began the Mexican–American War
Major legislation
- May 13, 1846: Mexican–American War declared, ch. 16, 9 Stat.
- July 9, 1846: District of Columbia retrocession, ch. 35, 9 Stat.
- July 30, 1846: Walker tariff, ch. 74, 9 Stat.
Treaties
- June 15, 1846: Oregon Treaty established the 49th parallel as the border between the United States and Canada, from the Rocky Mountains to the Strait of Juan de Fuca
- January 13, 1847: Treaty of Cahuenga ended the fighting in the Mexican–American War in California (not a formal treaty between nations but an informal agreement between rival military forces)
States admitted
- December 29, 1845: Texas admitted as the 28th state
- December 28, 1846: Iowa admitted as the 29th state
Party summary
Senate
During this congress, two Senate seats were added for each of the new states of Texas and Iowa.
| Party (shading shows control) | Total | Vacant | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic (D) | Liberty (L) | Whig (W) | Other | |||
| End of previous congress | 23 | 0 | 27 | 1 | 51 | 3 |
| Begin | 26 | 0 | 24 | 0 | 50 | 4 |
| End | 31 | 1 | 56 | 2 | ||
| Final voting share | 55.4% | 1.8% | 42.9% | 0.0% | ||
| Beginning of next congress | 34 | 0 | 20 | 1 | 55 | 3 |
House of Representatives
During this congress, two House seats were added for each of the new states of Texas and Iowa.
| Party (shading shows control) | Total | Vacant | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| American (A) | Democratic (D) | Whig (W) | Other | |||
| End of previous congress | 0 | 141 | 78 | 4 | 223 | 1 |
| Begin | 6 | 137 | 78 | 0 | 221 | 3 |
| End | 142 | 226 | 2 | |||
| Final voting share | 2.7% | 62.8% | 34.5% | 0.0% | ||
| Beginning of next congress | 1 | 107 | 116 | 3 | 227 | 1 |
Leadership
Senate
- President: George M. Dallas (D)
- President pro tempore: Willie P. Mangum (W), until March 4, 1845 Ambrose Hundley Sevier (D), only on December 27, 1845 David R. Atchison (D), from August 8, 1846
House of Representatives
- Speaker: John W. Davis (D)
Members
This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class and representatives are listed by district.
Skip to House of Representatives, below
Senate
Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began with this Congress, facing re-election in 1850; Class 2 meant their term ended with this Congress, facing re-election in 1846; and Class 3 meant their term began in the last Congress, facing re-election in 1848.
| Alabama ▌2. Dixon H. Lewis (D) ▌3. Arthur P. Bagby (D) Arkansas ▌2. Chester Ashley (D) ▌3. Ambrose H. Sevier (D) Connecticut ▌1. Jabez W. Huntington (W) ▌3. John M. Niles (D) Delaware ▌1. John M. Clayton (W) ▌2. Thomas Clayton (W) Florida ▌1. David Levy Yulee (D), from July 1, 1845 ▌3. James Westcott (D), from July 1, 1845 Georgia ▌2. John M. Berrien (W), until May, 1845; from November 13, 1845 ▌3. Walter T. Colquitt (D) Illinois ▌2. James Semple (D) ▌3. Sidney Breese (D) Indiana ▌1. Jesse D. Bright (D) ▌3. Edward A. Hannegan (D) Iowa 2. Vacant after being admitted to the Union December 28, 1846 3. Vacant after being admitted to the Union December 28, 1846 Kentucky ▌2. James T. Morehead (W) ▌3. John J. Crittenden (W) Louisiana ▌2. Alexander Barrow (W), until December 29, 1846 ▌Pierre Soulé (D), from January 21, 1847 ▌3. Henry Johnson (W) Maine ▌1. John Fairfield (D) ▌2. George Evans (W) Maryland ▌1. Reverdy Johnson (W) ▌3. James Pearce (W) Massachusetts ▌1. Daniel Webster (W) ▌2. Isaac C. Bates (W), until March 16, 1845 ▌John Davis (W), from March 24, 1845 Michigan ▌1. Lewis Cass (D) ▌2. William Woodbridge (W) | Mississippi ▌1. Jesse Speight (D) ▌2. Robert J. Walker (D), until March 5, 1845 ▌Joseph W. Chalmers (D), from November 3, 1845 Missouri ▌1. Thomas H. Benton (D) ▌3. David R. Atchison (D) New Hampshire ▌2. Levi Woodbury (D), until September 20, 1845 ▌Benning W. Jenness (D), from December 1, 1845, until June 13, 1846 ▌Joseph Cilley (L), from June 13, 1846 ▌3. Charles G. Atherton (D) New Jersey ▌1. William L. Dayton (W) ▌2. Jacob W. Miller (W) New York ▌1. Daniel S. Dickinson (D) ▌3. John A. Dix (D) North Carolina ▌2. Willie P. Mangum (W) ▌3. William H. Haywood Jr. (D), until July 25, 1846 ▌George E. Badger (W), from November 26, 1846 Ohio ▌1. Thomas Corwin (W) ▌3. William Allen (D) Pennsylvania ▌1. Daniel Sturgeon (D) ▌3. James Buchanan (D), until March 5, 1845 ▌Simon Cameron (D), from March 13, 1845 Rhode Island ▌1. Albert C. Greene (W) ▌2. James F. Simmons (W) South Carolina ▌2. John C. Calhoun (D), from November 26, 1845 ▌3. George McDuffie (D), until August 17, 1846 ▌Andrew Butler (D), from December 4, 1846 Tennessee ▌1. Hopkins L. Turney (D) ▌2. Spencer Jarnagin (W) Texas ▌1. Thomas J. Rusk (D), from February 21, 1846 (newly admitted state) ▌2. Samuel Houston (D), from February 21, 1846 (newly admitted state) Vermont ▌1. Samuel S. Phelps (W) ▌3. William Upham (W) Virginia ▌1. Isaac S. Pennybacker (D), December 3, 1845 – January 12, 1847 ▌James M. Mason (D), from January 21, 1847 ▌2. William S. Archer (W) | Senators' party membership by state at the opening of the 29th Congress in March 1845. The senators from Florida and Texas were not seated until later in the Congress. 2 Democrats 1 Democrat and 1 Whig 2 Whigs |
House of Representatives
The names of representatives are preceded by their district numbers.
Changes in membership
The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.
Senate
- Replacements: 8 Democrats (D): no net change Whigs (W): no net change
- Deaths: 3
- Resignations: 6
- Interim appointments: 1
- Seats of newly admitted states: 4
- Total seats with changes: 14
| State (class) | Vacated by | Reason for change | Successor | Date of successor's formal installation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Florida (1) | Vacant | Florida admitted to the Union at end of previous congress | David L. Yulee (D) | Elected July 1, 1845 |
| Florida (3) | Vacant | Florida admitted to the Union at end of previous congress | James Westcott (D) | Elected July 1, 1845 |
| South Carolina (2) | Vacant | Senator Daniel E. Huger resigned in previous congress. Successor elected November 26, 1845. | John C. Calhoun (D) | Elected November 26, 1845 |
| Virginia (1) | Vacant | Failure to elect | Isaac S. Pennybacker (D) | Elected December 3, 1845 |
| Mississippi (2) | Robert J. Walker (D) | Resigned March 5, 1845, after being appointed U.S. Secretary of the Treasury. Successor appointed November 3, 1845. Appointee was later elected on an unknown date. | Joseph W. Chalmers (D) | Appointed November 3, 1845 |
| Pennsylvania (3) | James Buchanan (D) | Resigned March 5, 1845, after being appointed U.S. Secretary of State | Simon Cameron (D) | Elected March 13, 1845 |
| Massachusetts (2) | Isaac C. Bates (W) | Died March 16, 1845 | John Davis (W) | Elected March 24, 1845 |
| Georgia (2) | John M. Berrien (W) | Resigned May, 1845 when appointed to the Georgia Supreme Court | John M. Berrien (W) | Elected November 13, 1845 |
| New Hampshire (2) | Levi Woodbury (D) | Resigned November 20, 1845, to become Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court | Benning W. Jenness (D) | Appointed December 1, 1845 |
| Texas (1) | Texas admitted to the Union December 29, 1845, and remained vacant until February 21, 1846 | Thomas J. Rusk (D) | Elected February 21, 1846 | |
| Texas (2) | Texas admitted to the Union December 29, 1845, and remained vacant until February 21, 1846 | Sam Houston (D) | Elected February 21, 1846 | |
| New Hampshire (2) | Benning W. Jenness (D) | Lost election to finish the term. Winner elected June 13, 1846. | Joseph Cilley (L) | Elected June 13, 1846 |
| North Carolina (3) | William H. Haywood Jr. (D) | Resigned July 25, 1846, after having refused to be instructed by the North Carolina state legislature on a tariff question | George E. Badger (W) | Elected November 25, 1846 |
| South Carolina (3) | George McDuffie (D) | Resigned August 17, 1846. Successor appointed December 4, 1846, and subsequently elected to finish the term. | Andrew Butler (D) | Seated December 4, 1846 |
| Iowa (2) | Iowa admitted to the Union December 28, 1846 | Vacant | Not filled this term | |
| Iowa (3) | Iowa admitted to the Union December 28, 1846 | Vacant | Not filled this term | |
| Louisiana (2) | Alexander Barrow (W) | Died December 29, 1846 | Pierre Soulé (D) | Elected January 21, 1847 |
| Virginia (1) | Isaac S. Pennybacker (D) | Died January 12, 1847 | James M. Mason (D) | Elected January 21, 1847 |
House of Representatives
- Replacements: 12 Democrats (D): 1 seat net gain Whigs (W): 1 seat net loss
- Deaths: 5
- Resignations: 6
- Contested election: 1
- Seats of newly admitted states: 4
- Total seats with changes: 17
| District | Vacated by | Reason for change | Successor | Date of successor's formal installation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Florida At-large | Vacant | Florida admitted to the Union at end of previous congress | Edward C. Cabell (W) | Seated October 6, 1845 |
| Georgia 3rd | Vacant | Rep-elect Washington Poe declined the seat | George W. Towns (D) | Seated January 5, 1846 |
| Texas 1st | Texas admitted into the Union December 29, 1845, and seat remained vacant until March 30, 1846 | David S. Kaufman (D) | Seated March 30, 1846 | |
| Texas 2nd | Texas admitted into the Union December 29, 1845, and seat remained vacant until March 30, 1846 | Timothy Pilsbury (D) | Seated March 30, 1846 | |
| New Jersey 2nd | Samuel G. Wright (W) | Died July 30, 1845 | George Sykes (D) | Seated November 4, 1845 |
| Louisiana 1st | John Slidell (D) | Resigned November 10, 1845, after being appointed Minister to Mexico, but government refused to accept him | Emile La Sére (D) | Seated January 29, 1846 |
| Tennessee 8th | Joseph H. Peyton (W) | Died November 11, 1845 | Edwin H. Ewing (W) | Seated January 2, 1846 |
| Virginia 11th | William Taylor (D) | Died January 17, 1846 | James McDowell (D) | Seated March 6, 1846 |
| Florida At-large | Edward C. Cabell (W) | Lost contested election January 24, 1846 | William H. Brockenbrough (D) | Seated January 24, 1846 |
| Mississippi At-large | Jefferson Davis (D) | Resigned some time in June, 1846 in order to take part in the Mexican War | Henry T. Ellett (D) | Seated January 26, 1847 |
| New York 12th | Richard P. Herrick (W) | Died June 20, 1846 | Thomas C. Ripley (W) | Seated December 17, 1846 |
| Arkansas At-large | Archibald Yell (D) | Resigned July 1, 1846, in order to take part in the Mexican War | Thomas W. Newton (W) | Seated February 6, 1847 |
| Missouri At-large | Sterling Price (D) | Resigned August 12, 1846, in order to take part in the Mexican War | William McDaniel (D) | Seated December 7, 1846 |
| Alabama 3rd | William L. Yancey (D) | Resigned September 1, 1846 | James L. Cottrell (D) | Seated December 7, 1846 |
| Alabama 7th | Felix G. McConnell (D) | Died September 10, 1846 | Franklin W. Bowdon (D) | Seated December 7, 1846 |
| Iowa Territory At-large | Augustus C. Dodge (D) | Territory was dissolved after Iowa was admitted to the Union December 28, 1846 | ||
| Iowa At-large | Iowa admitted into the Union December 28, 1846 | S. Clinton Hastings (D) | Seated December 28, 1846 | |
| Iowa At-large | Iowa admitted into the Union December 28, 1846 | Shepherd Leffler (D) | Seated December 28, 1846 | |
| Illinois 7th | Edward D. Baker (W) | Resigned January 15, 1847, in order to take part in the Mexican War | John Henry (W) | Seated February 5, 1847 |
| Illinois 5th | Stephen A. Douglas (D) | Resigned March 3, 1847, at close of congress after being elected to the US Senate | Vacant | Not filled this term |
Committees
Lists of committees and their party leaders.
Senate
- Agriculture (Chairman: Daniel Sturgeon)
- Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate (Chairman: Jesse Speight)
- Charges of Corruption Contained in the Daily Times (Select)
- Claims (Chairman: Isaac S. Pennybacker)
- Commerce (Chairman: William Haywood then John Adams Dix)
- Distributing Public Revenue Among the States (Select)
- District of Columbia (Chairman: William Haywood then Simon Cameron)
- Finance (Chairman: John C. Calhoun then Dixon H. Lewis)
- Foreign Relations (Chairman: William Allen then Ambrose H. Sevier)
- French Spoilations (Select) (Chairman: Daniel Webster)
- Indian Affairs (Chairman: Ambrose H. Sevier then Arthur P. Bagby)
- International Copyright Law (Select) (Chairman: Lewis Cass)
- Judiciary (Chairman: Chester Ashley)
- Manufactures (Chairman: Daniel S. Dickinson)
- Memorial on W.T.G. Morton (Select)
- Memphis Convention (Select) (Chairman: John C. Calhoun)
- Military Affairs (Chairman: Thomas H. Benton)
- Militia (Chairman: David R. Atchison)
- Naval Affairs (Chairman: John Fairfield)
- Ordnance and War Ships (Select)
- Patents and the Patent Office (Chairman: Simon Cameron then Walter Colquitt)
- Pensions (Chairman: Henry Johnson)
- Post Office and Post Roads (Chairman: John M. Niles)
- Printing (Chairman: Charles G. Atherton)
- Private Land Claims (Chairman: David Levy Yulee)
- Public Buildings and Grounds (Chairman: Simon Cameron)
- Public Lands (Chairman: Sidney Breese)
- Retrenchment (Chairman: Dixon H. Lewis)
- Revolutionary Claims (Chairman: Thomas Clayton)
- Roads and Canals (Chairman: Edward A. Hannegan)
- Tariff Regulation (Select)
- Territories (Chairman: James Westcott)
- Smithsonian Institution (Select) (Chairman: John Adams Dix)
- Whole
House of Representatives
- Accounts (Chairman: Daniel P. King)
- Agriculture (Chairman: Joseph H. Anderson)
- Claims (Chairman: John Reeves Jones Daniel)
- Commerce (Chairman: Robert McClelland)
- District of Columbia (Chairman: Robert M.T. Hunter)
- Elections (Chairman: Hannibal Hamlin)
- Engraving (Chairman: Jacob S. Yost)
- Expenditures in the Navy Department (Chairman: John F. Collin)
- Expenditures in the Post Office Department (Chairman: John H. Harmanson)
- Expenditures in the State Department (Chairman: Stephen Strong)
- Expenditures in the Treasury Department (Chairman: John F. Scammon)
- Expenditures in the War Department (Chairman: Owen D. Leib)
- Expenditures on Public Buildings (Chairman: Orlando B. Ficklin)
- Foreign Affairs (Chairman: Charles J. Ingersoll)
- Indian Affairs (Chairman: John A. McClernand)
- Invalid Pensions (Chairman: Preston King)
- Judiciary (Chairman: George O. Rathbun)
- Manufactures (Chairman: John Quincy Adams)
- Mileage (Chairman: John P. Martin)
- Military Affairs (Chairman: Hugh A. Haralson)
- Militia (Chairman: James A. Black)
- Naval Affairs (Chairman: Isaac E. Holmes)
- Patents (Chairman: Thomas J. Henley)
- Post Office and Post Roads (Chairman: George W. Hopkins)
- Private Land Claims (Chairman: James B. Bowlin)
- Public Buildings and Grounds (Chairman: Orlando B. Ficklin)
- Public Expenditures (Chairman: Robert P. Dunlap)
- Public Lands (Chairman: John A. McClernand)
- Revisal and Unfinished Business (Chairman: Cullen Sawtelle)
- Revolutionary Claims (Chairman: Joseph Johnson)
- Revolutionary Pensions (Chairman: Richard Brodhead)
- Roads and Canals (Chairman: Robert Smith)
- Rules (Select)
- Standards of Official Conduct
- Territories (Chairman: Stephen A. Douglas)
- Ways and Means (Chairman: James I. McKay)
- Whole
Joint committees
- Enrolled Bills (Chairman: Sen. Jesse D. Bright)
- The Library (Chairman: N/A)
- Printing (Chairman: N/A)
- Smithsonian Bequest
Employees
Senate
- Chaplain: Septimus Tustin (Presbyterian), until December 16, 1846 Henry Slicer (Methodist), elected December 16, 1846
- Secretary: Asbury Dickins
- Sergeant at Arms: Edward Dyer, died September 8, 1845 Robert Beale, elected December 9, 1845
House of Representatives
- Chaplain: William H. Milburn (Methodist), elected December 3, 1845 William T.S. Sprole (Presbyterian), elected December 7, 1846
- Clerk: Benjamin B. French
- Doorkeeper: Cornelius C. Whitney, elected December 3, 1845
- Postmaster: John M. Johnson
- Reading Clerks: [data missing]
- Sergeant at Arms: Newton Lane
See also
- 1844 United States elections (elections leading to this Congress) 1844 United States presidential election 1844–45 United States Senate elections 1844–45 United States House of Representatives elections
- 1846 United States elections (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress) 1846–47 United States Senate elections 1846–47 United States House of Representatives elections
Notes
- Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
- Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
External links
- .
- Congress, United States (1846). .
- .