Abrine
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L-Abrine, also known as N-methyltryptophan, is a levorotatory amino acid that is primarily an alkaloid and also a derivative of L-tryptophan, in which a methyl group is attached to the nitrogen atom in the α-position. L-Abrine is found mainly in the seeds of Abrus precatorius.
Pharmacology
L-Abrine enhances the efficacy of immunotherapy for liver cancer by suppressing tumor defense mechanisms through inhibition of the IDO1 enzyme and by acting in synergy with PD-1 inhibitors drugs. L-Abrine effectively inhibits lung cancer metastasis by blocking the MAPK signaling pathway through direct binding to the ERK protein, which leads to the reversal of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and the activation of the Nrf2 antioxidant system without causing systemic toxicity, L-abrine may be effective both as a standalone agent and in combination with ERK inhibitors. L-Abrine has also been studied as an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors.
L-abrine inhibited the SPTBN2 protein, which blocks the membrane localization of the SLC7A11 transporter and induces ferroptosis in resistant cancer cells. L-abrin exhibits a marked sedative effect and potentiates the effects of hypnotics; however, its binding to GABAA receptors is relatively weak and is most likely complemented by effects on other brain systems.
Natural occurrence
L-Abrine has been found in plants of the genus Abrus, with Abrus precatorius being the primary source (ranging from 0.5 to 1.0% of dry weight). It was previously believed that L-abrine was characteristic only of the genus Abrus, but it has also been identified in the chemical composition of Pereskia aculeata and Pereskia grandifolia.
- A view of the Abrus precatorius plant
- A view of the Pereskia aculeata plant
- A view of the Pereskia grandifolia plant