Ailuravus is a genus of prehistoric rodents in the family Ischyromyidae.

Ailuravus macrurus and Strigogyps sapea

Ailuravus macrurus ("big-tailed cat-ancestor") was a primitive, squirrel-like rodent, one of the earliest known rodents, from the Messel pit Lagerstätte, in Germany. It lived during the Eocene of Europe, in forests, and may have been arboreal.[citation needed]