Amphinomidae, also known as the fireworms, bristle worms or sea mice, are a family of marine polychaetes, many species of which bear chaetae mineralized with carbonate. The best-known amphinomids are the fireworms, which can cause great pain if their toxin-coated chaetae are touched or trodden on. Their relationship to other polychaete groups is somewhat poorly resolved.

Complanine

Complanine is a quaternary ammonium salt that has been isolated from the marine fireworm Eurythoe complanata. It causes an inflammatory effect upon contact with the skin or mucous membranes.

It was previously known that handling the fireworm caused it to release a chemical that induces inflammation of the skin of marine predators and mammals (including humans). Complanine was the first compound isolated from the fireworm which causes these effects. It is presumed that this compound's function is to deter predators of the fireworm.

Species

Chloeia flava
Cryptonome conclava
Eurythoe complanata
Hermodice carunculata
Hermodice carunculata
Notopygos ornata
Paramphinome jeffreysii
Pherecardia striata

Most genera in Amphinomidae are divided into two subfamilies: Amphinominae, and Archinominae.

  • Ankitokazoa Alessandrello & Bracchi, 2005† Ankitokazoa bezanozanoi Alessandrello & Bracchi, 2005†
  • Bathynotopygos Kucheruk, 1981 Bathynotopygos abyssalis Kucheruk, 1981
  • Pherecardites Horst, 1912 Pherecardites parva Horst, 1912 Pherecardites quinquemaculata Augener, 1927
  • Sangiria Horst, 1911 Sangiria hystrix Horst, 1911
  • Zothea Risso, 1826 Zothea meridionalis Risso, 1826

Amphinominae Lamarck, 1818

  • Alleurythoe Sun & Li, 2017 Alleurythoe tenuichaeta Sun & Li, 2017
  • Amphinome Bruguière, 1789 Amphinome bruguieresi Quatrefages, 1866 Amphinome carnea Grube, 1856 Amphinome nigrobranchiata Horst, 1912 Amphinome praelonga Haswell, 1878 Amphinome rostrata (Pallas, 1766) Amphinome savignyi Brulle, 1832 Amphinome stylifera Grube, 1860 Amphinome umbo Grube, 1870 Amphinome vagans (Savigny, 1822)
  • Benthoscolex Horst, 1912 Benthoscolex coecus Horst, 1912 Benthoscolex cubanus Hartman, 1942 Benthoscolex microcarunculata (Treadwell, 1901) Benthoscolex seisuiae Jimi, Kimura, Ogawa & Kajihara, 2018
  • Branchamphinome Hartman, 1967 Branchamphinome antarctica Hartman, 1967 Branchamphinome islandica Detinova, 1986 Branchamphinome tropicalis Barroso, Ranauro & Kudenov, 2017
  • Cryptonome Borda, Kudenov, Bienhold & Rouse, 2012 Cryptonome barbada Barroso, Kudenov, Halanych, Saeedi, Sumida & Bernardino, 2018 Cryptonome conclava Borda, Kudenov, Bienhold & Rouse, 2012 Cryptonome parvecarunculata (Horst, 1912) Cryptonome turcica (Çinar, 2008)
  • Eurythoe Kinberg, 1857 Eurythoe brasiliensis Hansen, 1882 Eurythoe clavata Baird, 1868 Eurythoe complanata (Pallas, 1766) Eurythoe dubia Horst, 1912 Eurythoe encopochaeta (Schmarda, 1861) Eurythoe hedenborgi Kinberg, 1857 Eurythoe indica (Schmarda, 1861) Eurythoe karachiensis Bindra, 1927 Eurythoe laevisetis Fauvel, 1914 Eurythoe longicirra (Schmarda, 1861) Eurythoe matthaii Bindra, 1927 Eurythoe paupera (Grube, 1856) Eurythoe rullieri Fauvel, 1953 Eurythoe syriaca Kinberg, 1857
  • Hermodice Kinberg, 1857 Hermodice carunculata (Pallas, 1766) Hermodice sanguinea (Schmarda, 1861) Hermodice savignyi (Brulle, 1832) Hermodice smaragdina (Schmarda, 1861)
  • Hipponoe Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1830 Hipponoe gaudichaudi Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1830
  • Linopherus Quatrefages, 1866 Linopherus abyssalis (Fauchald, 1972) Linopherus acarunculatus (Monro, 1937) Linopherus ambigua (Monro, 1933) Linopherus annulata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1965) Linopherus beibuwanensis Sun & Li, 2016 Linopherus brevis (Grube, 1878) Linopherus canariensis Langerhans, 1881 Linopherus fauchaldi San Martín, 1986 Linopherus hemuli (Fauchald, 1972) Linopherus hirsuta (Wesenberg-Lund, 1949) Linopherus incarunculata (Peters, 1854) Linopherus kristiani Salazar-Vallejo, 1987 Linopherus microcephala (Fauvel, 1932) Linopherus minuta (Knox, 1960) Linopherus oculata (Treadwell, 1941) Linopherus oculifera (Augener, 1913) Linopherus oligobranchia (Wu, Shen & Chen, 1975) Linopherus paucibranchiata (Fauvel, 1932) Linopherus reducta (Kudenov & Blake, 1985) Linopherus spiralis (Wesenberg-Lund, 1949) Linopherus tripunctata (Kudenov, 1975)
  • Paramphinome M. Sars in G. Sars 1872 Paramphinome australis Monro, 1930 Paramphinome besnardi Temperini in Amaral & Nonato, 1994 Paramphinome grandis Gustafson, 1930 Paramphinome indica Fauvel, 1932 Paramphinome jeffreysii (McIntosh, 1868) Paramphinome pacifica Fauchald & Hancock, 1981 Paramphinome posterobranchiata Barroso & Paiva, 2008 Paramphinome splendens Gustafson, 1930 Paramphinome trionyx Intes & Le Loeuff, 1975
  • Pareurythoe Gustafson, 1930 Pareurythoe americana Hartman, 1951 Pareurythoe borealis (M. Sars, 1862) Pareurythoe californica (Johnson, 1897) Pareurythoe chilensis (Kinberg, 1857) Pareurythoe elongata (Treadwell, 1931) Pareurythoe gracilis Gustafson, 1930 Pareurythoe japonica Gustafson, 1930 Pareurythoe parvecarunculata (Horst, 1912) Pareurythoe pitipanaensis De Silva, 1965 Pareurythoe spirocirrata (Essenberg, 1917)
  • Pherecardia Horst, 1886 Pherecardia maculata Imajima, 2003 Pherecardia parva Monro, 1924 Pherecardia polylamellata Silva, 1960 Pherecardia striata (Kinberg, 1857)

Archinominae Kudenov, 1991

  • Archinome Kudenov, 1991 Archinome jasoni Borda, Kudenov, Chevaldonné, Blake, Desbruyères, Fabri, Hourdez, Pleijel, Shank, Wilson, Schulze & Rouse, 2013 Archinome levinae Borda, Kudenov, Chevaldonné, Blake, Desbruyères, Fabri, Hourdez, Pleijel, Shank, Wilson, Schulze & Rouse, 2013 Archinome rosacea (Blake, 1985) Archinome storchi Fiege & Bock, 2009 Archinome tethyana Borda, Kudenov, Chevaldonné, Blake, Desbruyères, Fabri, Hourdez, Pleijel, Shank, Wilson, Schulze & Rouse, 2013
  • Bathychloeia Horst, 1910 Bathychloeia balloniformis Böggemann, 2009 Bathychloeia sibogae Horst, 1910
  • Chloeia Lamarck, 1818 Chloeia amphora Horst, 1910 Chloeia australis Kudenov, 1993 Chloeia bengalensis Kinberg, 1867 Chloeia bistriata Grube, 1868 Chloeia candida Kinberg, 1857 Chloeia conspicua Horst, 1910 Chloeia egena Grube, 1855 Chloeia entypa Chamberlin, 1919 Chloeia flava (Pallas, 1766) Chloeia furcigera Quatrefages, 1866 Chloeia fusca McIntosh, 1885 Chloeia inermis Quatrefages, 1866 Chloeia kudenovi Barroso & Paiva, 2011 Chloeia macleayi Haswell, 1878 Chloeia maculata Potts, 1909 Chloeia malaica Kinberg, 1867 Chloeia nuda Quatrefages, 1866 Chloeia parva Baird, 1868 Chloeia pinnata Moore, 1911 Chloeia pseudeuglochis Augener, 1922 Chloeia quatrefagesii Baird, 1868 Chloeia rosea Potts, 1909 Chloeia rupestris Risso, 1826 Chloeia tumida Baird, 1868 Chloeia venusta Quatrefages, 1866 Chloeia violacea Horst, 1910 Chloeia viridis Schmarda, 1861
  • Chloenopsis Fauchald, 1977 Chloenopsis atlantica (McIntosh, 1885)
  • Notopygos Grube, 1855 Notopygos albiseta Holly, 1939 Notopygos andrewsi Monro, 1924 Notopygos caribea Yáñez-Rivera & Carrera-Parra, 2012 Notopygos cirratus Horst, 1911 Notopygos crinita Grube, 1855 Notopygos flavus Haswell, 1878 Notopygos gardineri Potts, 1909 Notopygos gigas Horst, 1911 Notopygos gregoryi Holly, 1939 Notopygos hispida Potts, 1909 Notopygos horsti Monro, 1924 Notopygos kekooa Borda, Yanez-Rivera, Ochoa, Kudenov, Sanchez-Ortiz, Schulze & Rouse, 2017 Notopygos labiatus McIntosh, 1885 Notopygos megalops McIntosh, 1885 Notopygos mitsukurii Izuka, 1910 Notopygos ornata Grube, 1856 Notopygos parvus Haswell, 1878 Notopygos rayneri (Baird, 1868) Notopygos splendens (Kinberg, 1857) Notopygos subpragigas Uschakov & Wu, 1962 Notopygos variabilis Potts, 1909
  • Parachloeia Horst, 1912 Parachloeia marmorata Horst, 1912

Subfamily not assigned

  • †Rollinschaeta Parry, Wilson, Sykes, Edgecombe & Vinther, 2015 †Rollinschaeta myoplena Parry, Wilson, Sykes, Edgecombe & Vinther, 2015

Notes

External links