Amri Karbi language
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Amri Karbi, also known as Plains Karbi, Dumrali, is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in parts of the states of Assam and Meghalaya in Northeast India. Amri Karbi variously treated as a variety of the Karbi language or as its own language. Amri Karbi is divided into two regional varieties: Upper Amri and Lower Amri. It is distinct from the speech of a group also called Amri Karbi in the west of the Karbi Anglong district in Assam, who speak a Hills Karbi dialect.
Phonology
Consonants
Amri has 23 phonemic consonants. Allophones or alternative pronunciations are included in parentheses in the table below.
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | voiceless | unaspirated | p | t | c | k | |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | ||||
| voiced | unaspirated | b | d | ɟ | g | ||
| aspirated | bʰ | dʰ | ɟʰ | gʰ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | (ɸ)i | s | h | |||
| voiced | β | ||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||
| Lateral | l | ||||||
| Rhotic | r | ||||||
| Approximant | (j)ii |
^i Alternative realization of /pʰ/ amongst some members of the younger generation. ^ii Allophone of /ɟ/.
Vowels
Amri Karbi has 7 vowels, 2 of which are marginal phonemes (included in parentheses in the table below). In addition, there are the diphthongs /ai/ and /ɔi/.
Tone
Three phonemic tones exist in Amri Karbi: low, mid, and high.
Phonotactics
The maximum syllable in Amri Karbi is (C)(C)V(V)(C). A limited number of onset clusters occur, the first element of which is a voiceless stop or the glottal fricative /h/, followed by /l/ or /r/. Depending on the speaker, clusters /hl/ and /hr/ can variably be produced as [h], [l] and [r], or [lh] and [rh]. All consonants but /ŋ/ can appear syllable-initially. The only consonants able to occur syllable-finally are nasals /m n ŋ/, liquids /l r/, and voiceless unaspirated /p t k/. The latter three are realized as unreleased [p̚ t̚ k̚] when syllable-final.
Orthography
Latin script is used for institutional practice, both Latin and Assamese script are used in various publications.[citation needed]
Locations
Amri (Karbi) language is spoken in the following locations in India (Ethnologue).
- Kamrup district, Assam (south of the Brahmaputra River): Chandubi, Loharghat, Rani block, Jalukbari, Pandu, Basbistha, Panikhaith, Jorabat, Sonapur, Khetri, and Kahi Kusi
- Ri-Bhoi district, Meghalaya: Nongpoh area, Barni Hat, and Umling