Colubroidea
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Colubroidea is a superfamily of snakes in the clade Colubroides that includes Colubridae, with some studies splitting Colubridae into multiple families that make up Colubroidea. Historically, Colubroidea also included other caenophidian snakes such as cobras and vipers, as these snakes form a clade. However these groups are now divided into several distinct, but related, families. Zaher et al. (2009) proposed to redefine Colubroidea for colubrids and related families, while designating Colubroides as the group containing vipers and cobras as well as colubroids. The ReptileDatabase considers Colubroidea to be composed of Colubridae and the members of its sister group, Elapoidea, and does not recognize the division of Colubridae into multiple families.
Classification
Phylogeny
Families and Subfamilies
Usual taxonomy:
- Family: Colubridae Oppel, 1811 Subfamily: Grayiinae Günther, 1858 Subfamily: Calamariinae Bonaparte, 1838 Subfamily: Ahaetullinae Figueroa, McKelvy, Grismer, Bell & Lailvaux, 2016 Subfamily: Colubrinae Oppel, 1811 Subfamily: Sibynophiinae Dunn, 1928 Subfamily: Natricidae Bonaparte, 1838 Subfamily: Pseudoxenodontidae McDowell, 1987 Subfamily: Xenodontinae Dunn, 1928 Subfamily: Dipsadinae Bonaparte, 1838
Alternate taxonomy:
- Family: Sibynophiidae Dunn, 1928
- Family: Natricidae Bonaparte, 1838
- Family: Pseudoxenodontidae McDowell, 1987
- Family: Dipsadidae Bonaparte, 1838 Subfamily: Carphophiinae Zaher et al., 2009 Subfamily: Xenodontinae Dunn, 1928 Subfamily: Dipsadinae Bonaparte, 1838
- Family: Colubridae Oppel, 1811 Subfamily: Grayiinae Günther, 1858 Subfamily: Calamariinae Bonaparte, 1838 Subfamily: Ahaetullinae Figueroa, McKelvy, Grismer, Bell & Lailvaux, 2016 Subfamily: Colubrinae Oppel, 1811
Unknown Genera incertae sedis (not currently placed in a family, usually because of the absence of genetic data, but suspected to be colubroids based on morphology)
- Blythia
- Elapoidis
- Gongylosoma
- Lycognathophis
- Oreocalamus
- †Paraxenophis
- †Periergophis
- Poecilopholis
- Tetralepis
Fossil Colubroidea
North America
Mexico
| Find | NALMA | Formation | Notes | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colubrinae indet. | Pleistocene | Cueva de Abra Travertine | Described from Cueva de Abra Travertine in Tamaulipas. Dalquest, WW; Roth, E (1970). "Late Pleistocene mammals from a cave in Tamaulipas, Mexico". Southwestern Naturalist. 15 (2): 217–230. | |
| ?Pituophis sp. | Blancan | Described from Las Tunas Wash; Jeffries Site in Baja California Sur. Miller, WE (1980). "The Late Pliocene Las Tunas Local Fauna from Southernmost Baja California, Mexico". Journal of Paleontology. 54 (4): 762–805. | ||
| Lampropeltis intermedius | Blancan | Goleta | Described from locality in Michoacán. Repenning, CA (1962). "The Giant Ground Squirrel Paenemarmota". Journal of Paleontology. 36 (3): 540–556. |
South America
Legend
| Find | SALMA | Basin | Formation | Country | Notes | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| "Colubroidea sp." sic | Laventan | VSM | Villavieja | Colombia | Described from same Los Mangos Fishbed in Huila; Colombophis portai and Eunectes stirtoni by R. Hoffstetter and J.-C. Rage. 1977. Le gisement de vertébrés Miocènes de La Venta (Colombie) et sa faune de serpents. Annales de Paléontologie (Vertébrés) 63(2):161-190 | |
| indet. | ChasicoanMayoanLaventan | Solimões | Solimões | Brazil | Described from Talismã, upper Purus River locality in Amazonas; the snakes Colombophis spinosus, aff. Epicrates sp., Eunectes sp. , the turtle Chelonoidis sp., crocodylians Acresuchus pachytemporalis and Caiman brevirostris, lizard cf. Paradracaena sp., and many mammals by Cozzuol, Mario Alberto (2006), , Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 21 (3): 185–203, Bibcode:, doi: | |
| Colubrinae indet. | Holocene | Subandean Belt | Ñuapua | Bolivia | Described from Ñuapua 2 locality in Chuquisaca; snakes Tupinambis teguixin, Boidae indet., Crotalidae indet., turtles, frogs Leptodactylus cf. ocellatus, Bufo cf. paracnemis, birds Crypturellus tataupa, Podiceps minor, Podiceps auritus cornutus, Platalea ajaja, Rhea cf. Americana, Anas sp., Coccyzus sp., Dendrocygna sp., Jacana sp., Nyctibius sp., Platalea sp., cf. Rhynchotus sp., Columbidae indet., Falconidae indet., Passeriformes indet., Rallidae indet., fossils of Tolypeutus matacus, Ceratrophrys cf. ornata, and Leposternon sp., and many mammals including Homo sapiens by Marshall, Larry G.; Sempere, Thierry (1991), , Revista técnica de YPFB, 12: 631–652 | |
| indet. | Chapadmalalan | Sierras de Córdoba | Brochero | Argentina | Described from Valle de Traslasierra - Paso del Río Arriba and Pedernara Cliffs locality in Córdoba; with Rhinella cf. arenarum, R. cf. spinulosa, Teius sp., ?Liolaemus sp., Iguanidae indet. and the mammals Chukimys favaloroi and Echimyidae indet. by L. E. Cruz, J. C. Fernicola, and C. A. Carignano. 2018. New Vertebrates of the Brochero Formation (Córdoba, Argentina): A Review of the Pliocene of Central Argentina. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 25:315-326 | |
| indet. | Chasicoan | Colorado | Cerro Azul | Argentina | Described from Cerro La Bota locality in La Pampa; reported with many mammal fossils by Verzi, Diego H.; Montalvo, Claudia I.; Deschamps, Cecilia M. (2008), , Geobios, 41: 145–155, Bibcode:, doi: | |
| indet. | Montehermosan | Claromecó | Monte Hermoso | Argentina | From several localities in Buenos Aires; reported by R. L. Tomassini, C. I. Montalvo, C.M. Deschamps and T. Manera. 2013. Biostratigraphy and biochronology of the Monte Hermoso Formation (early Pliocene) at its type locality, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 48:31-42 and C. M. Deschamps, G. I. Esteban, and M. S. Bargo. 2001. El registro más antiguo del género Lestodon Gervais, 1855 (Xenarthra, Tardigrada, Mylodontidae) (Montehermosense, Plioceno Temprano). Ameghiniana 38(2):151-156 | |
| indet. | Colhuehuapian | Golfo San Jorge | Trelew Mb of Sarmiento | Argentina | Described from same Gaiman locality in Chubut; Gaimanophis tenuis, Waincophis sp., the turtle Chelonoidis gringorum and many mammals by A. M. Albino. 1996. Snakes from the Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina) Part I: The Booidea. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 199(3):417-434 | |
| indet. | Santacrucian | Austral | Rio Pinturas | Argentina | From Río Pinturas locality in Santa Cruz; reported by A. M. Albino. 1996. Snakes from the Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina) Part II: The Colubroidea. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 200(3):353-360 | |
| indet. | Santacrucian | Austral | Santa Cruz | Argentina | Sole reptile described from Santa Cruz Formation locality in Santa Cruz together with the terror birds Psilopterus bachmanni, P. lemoinei, Phororhacos longissimus, Patagornis marshi, Brontornis burmeisteri, penguin Paraptenodytes antarcticus and other birds Eoneornis australis, Eutelornis patagonicus, Anisolornis excavatus, Protibis cnemialis, Opisthodactylus patagonicus, Liptornis hesternus, and many mammals by A. M. Albino. 1996. Snakes from the Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina) Part II: The Colubroidea. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 200(3):353-360 & Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Kay, Richard F.; Bargo, Susana (2012), , Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–370, ISBN 978-0-521-19461-7 |