Combined Task Force 151 (CTF-151) is a multinational naval task force, set up in 2009 as a response to piracy attacks in the Gulf of Aden and off the eastern coast of Somalia. Its mission is to disrupt piracy and armed robbery at sea and to engage with regional and other partners to build capacity and improve relevant capabilities in order to protect global maritime commerce and secure freedom of navigation. It operates in conjunction with the EU's Operation Atalanta and NATO's Operation Ocean Shield.

Members of the U.S. Coast Guard Law Enforcement Detachments and Combined Task Force 151's conduct VBSS operations from USSFarragut(DDG-99) board a suspicious boat

As of January 22, 2025, the commander of CTF-151 is Commodore Sohail Ahmed Azmie of the Pakistan Navy.

History

The CTF 151 was established on 12 January 2009 as a response to piracy attacks in Somalia, "with a specific piracy mission-based mandate under the authority of UNSCRs 1816, 1838, 1846, 1851 and 1897". The CTF 150 mainly dealt with maritime security and counter terrorism. Piracy was considered more of a law enforcement mission. CTF were established as a mission-based Task Force. Upon their establishment in 2009, operated under a UNSCR counter-piracy mandate. The CTF is not geographically constrained. Their mandate has been "based upon the range of counter-piracy UNSCRs". In February 2011, a group of pirates hijacked a Panamanian-flagged ship. The Puntland government stated that they did not want captured ships and pirate bases near Bosaso. The pirates forced the ship's crew to the south, to a coastal area that was not as receptive. Admiral Mcknight had a conversation with Jatin Dua and the Navy SEALS rescued two hostages who were being held in an inland camp. The SEALS killed about nine pirates.

In January 2012, six Somali pirates launched an attack on the bulk cargo ship the MV Sunshine about one hundred miles off the coast of Oman. This was referred to as a by-the-book approach; The pirates used AK-47s, a rocket propelled grenade launcher, a grappling hook and attempted to affix a ladder onto the boat. The pirates threw their weapons overboard so the boarding team could not arrest them. They gave the pirates food and water, finally turning them loose. The Somalis did not realize that a helicopter from the USS Mobile Bay was keeping track of their movements. The pirates headed back to the Iranian dhow. The USS Kidd was able to track the Al Mulahi and noticed some Middle Easterners were aboard. The New York Times reported a standoff, afterwards the Somalis were still hidden and the Iranian captain spoke with the Americans.

Formation

Members of U.S. Coast Guard Maritime Safety and Security Team (MSST) 91104 prepare to investigate a skiff during a maritime security operation

Between 2002 and 2004, a first naval coalition in charge of fighting terrorism in the area was dubbed Task Force 151.

On 8 January 2009, at the United States Fifth Fleet headquarters in Manama, Bahrain, Vice Admiral William E. Gortney, USN, announced the formation of CTF-151 to combat the piracy threat off Somalia, with Rear Admiral Terence E. McKnight in command. The USS San Antonio (LPD-17) was designated as the first flagship of Combined Task Force 151, serving as an afloat forward staging base (AFSB) for the following force elements:

Initially, CTF-151 consisted of the San Antonio, USS Mahan (DDG-72), and HMS Portland (F79), with additional warships expected to join this force. Twenty countries were expected to contribute to the force, including Canada, Denmark, France, Japan, Republic of Korea, the Netherlands, Pakistan, Singapore, Thailand and the United Kingdom, all of which have already pledged participation.

On 5 April 2009, United States Rear Admiral Michelle J. Howard, assumed command of CTF-151 and Expeditionary Strike Group 2. On 29 May, the Australian Government pledged its support, re-tasking the frigate HMAS Warramunga (FFH 152) from duties in the Persian Gulf to the task force, as well as Lockheed P-3 Orion maritime patrol aircraft.

Task measures

The measures carried out by the task force include: Upholding an active 24-hour lookout, the removal of access ladders, reporting apprehensive actions to proper authorities, the use of deck lighting, razor wire, netting, fire hoses, electrical fencing, and surveillance and detection equipment, defending the lowest points of access, engaging in evasive maneuvering and speed through pirate attacks, and joining group transits.

The CMF established the Maritime Security Patrol Area (MSPA) in the Gulf of Aden in August 2008 to provision international efforts to battle piracy. The coalition efforts involved CTF-150 assets patrolling the area with aircraft and ships. However, the charter for CTF-150, which was established at the beginning of Operation Enduring Freedom, was for the conduct of Maritime Security Operations in the Gulf of Oman, Gulf of Aden, the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. Such operations included the deterrence of threatening activities, such as weapons trafficking and drug smuggling.

Rescue of Captain Richard Phillips

Surveillance photo of Maersk Alabama lifeboat, hijacked by Somali pirates

In 2009, there was a pirate attack on the Maersk Alabama. The rescue personnel included SEAL Team Six. On 7 April 2009 there was an advisory issued by the U.S. Maritime Administration stating that ships stay six hundred miles off the coast of Somalia due to an increase of piracy. The Somali pirates mainly targeted the Gulf of Aden because most vessels traveling towards the Suez Canal were there. However, with CTF 151, the Chinese, Russians, and Operation Atalanta all concentrated in that area, pirates were compelled to look elsewhere. On 1 April 2009 the Maersk Alabama headed toward the Gulf of Aden. Captain Phillips was unaware of the pirates on the way . Captain Phillips and his crew were eventually surrounded by three pirate skiffs with their mother ship in pursuit, eight miles behind. Phillips eventually hit the silent alarm button that signaled a search and rescue team to come. At one point it was reported that there was a standoff between the ship's crew and the pirates. They eventually called for a prisoner exchange and Phillips was among the first to be released onto a lifeboat.

Success

Vice Admiral Bill Gortney stated that because of proactive measures taken by certain merchant mariners, the piracy events in the region have been reduced. He also cautioned that the "efforts of coalition and international navies won't solve the problem of piracy."

List of Commanders

Command history

The Task Force has been headed by different countries participating.

Term of command
Term of command Date Country 11 January 2009 US 5 April 2009 US 3 May 2009 Turkey 13 August 2009 US 20 January 2010 Singapore 21 April 2010 Republic of Korea 1 September 2010 Turkey 29 November 2010 Pakistan 31 March 2011 Singapore 1 July 2011 New Zealand 27 September 2011 Pakistan 13 January 2012 Denmark 29 March 2012 Thailand 18 June 2012 Republic of Korea 19 September 2012 Turkey 13 December 2012 Pakistan 7 March 2013 Singapore 6 June 2013 Pakistan 5 September 2013 UK 12 December 2013 Denmark 27 February 2014 Pakistan 12 June 2014 Republic of Korea 28 August 2014 New Zealand 25 November 2014 Thailand 26 February 2015 Pakistan 31 May 2015 Japan 27 August 2015 Turkey 21 December 2015 Pakistan 31 March 2016 Singapore 30 June 2016 Republic of Korea 27 October 2016 Pakistan 9 March 2017 Japan 29 June 2017 Turkey 2 November 2017 Bahrain 1 March 2018 Japan 28 June 2018 Singapore 27 September 2018 Kuwait 21 February 2019 Kuwait 20 June 2019 Republic of Korea 20 October 2019 Kuwait 20 February 2020 Japan 21 July 2020 Turkey 18 December 2020 Pakistan 10 June 2021 Brazil 18 November 2021 Jordan 14 April 2022 Pakistan 18 August 2022 Brazil 17 February 2023 Republic of Korea 21 August 2023 Philippines 23 January 2024 Brazil 24 July 2024 Turkey 22 January 2025 Pakistan 27 August 2025 Brazil 23 February 2026 UKCommand history Country No. of times Pakistan 11 Turkey 7 Republic of Korea 6 Singapore 5 Japan 4 Brazil 4 Kuwait 3 US 3 Denmark 2 New Zealand 2 Thailand 2 UK 2 Bahrain 1 Jordan 1 Philippines 1
DateCountry
11 January 2009US
5 April 2009US
3 May 2009Turkey
13 August 2009US
20 January 2010Singapore
21 April 2010Republic of Korea
1 September 2010Turkey
29 November 2010Pakistan
31 March 2011Singapore
1 July 2011New Zealand
27 September 2011Pakistan
13 January 2012Denmark
29 March 2012Thailand
18 June 2012Republic of Korea
19 September 2012Turkey
13 December 2012Pakistan
7 March 2013Singapore
6 June 2013Pakistan
5 September 2013UK
12 December 2013Denmark
27 February 2014Pakistan
12 June 2014Republic of Korea
28 August 2014New Zealand
25 November 2014Thailand
26 February 2015Pakistan
31 May 2015Japan
27 August 2015Turkey
21 December 2015Pakistan
31 March 2016Singapore
30 June 2016Republic of Korea
27 October 2016Pakistan
9 March 2017Japan
29 June 2017Turkey
2 November 2017Bahrain
1 March 2018Japan
28 June 2018Singapore
27 September 2018Kuwait
21 February 2019Kuwait
20 June 2019Republic of Korea
20 October 2019Kuwait
20 February 2020Japan
21 July 2020Turkey
18 December 2020Pakistan
10 June 2021Brazil
18 November 2021Jordan
14 April 2022Pakistan
18 August 2022Brazil
17 February 2023Republic of Korea
21 August 2023Philippines
23 January 2024Brazil
24 July 2024Turkey
22 January 2025Pakistan
27 August 2025Brazil
23 February 2026UK
Command history
CountryNo. of times
Pakistan11
Turkey7
Republic of Korea6
Singapore5
Japan4
Brazil4
Kuwait3
US3
Denmark2
New Zealand2
Thailand2
UK2
Bahrain1
Jordan1
Philippines1

See also

Further reading

  • McKnight, Terry and Michael Hirsh. Pirate Alley: Commanding Task Force 151 off Somalia. Annapolis, MD : Naval Institute Press, 2012. ISBN 1-61251-134-1 OCLC
  • Newsome, Timothy E. Somali Piracy: Are We Making a Mountain Out of a Molehill? Ft. Belvoir: Defense Technical Information Center, 2009. OCLC
  • Phillips, Richard, and Stephan Talty. A Captain's Duty: Somali Pirates, Navy Seals, and Dangerous Days at Sea. New York: Hyperion, 2010. ISBN 1-4013-2380-4 OCLC
  • Zogg, Dennis M. Why the U.S. Navy Should Not Be Fighting Piracy Off Somalia. Ft. Belvoir: Defense Technical Information Center, 2009. OCLC

External links