Dciriku, or Gciriku (Diriku, Dirico, Manyo or Rumanyo), is a Bantu language spoken by 305,000 people along the Kavango River in Namibia, Botswana and Angola. 24,000 people speak Dciriku in Angola, according to Ethnologue. It was first known in the west via the Vagciriku, who had migrated from the main Vamanyo area and spoke Rugciriku, a dialect of Dciriku. The name Gciriku (Dciriku, Diriku) remains common in the literature, but within Namibia the name Rumanyo has been revived. The Mbogedu dialect is extinct; Maho (2009) lists it as a distinct language, and notes that the names 'Manyo' and 'Rumanyo' are inappropriate for it.

Phonology

Vowels

FrontCentralBack
Closeiu
Midɛɔ
Openɑ

Consonants

BilabialLabio- dentalDentalAlveolarPostalveolar/ PalatalVelarGlottal
Clickvoicelessᵏǀ
voicedᶢǀ
prenasal vl.ᵑǀᵏ
prenasal vd.ᵑǀᶢ
prenasal asp.ᵑǀʰ
Nasalmnɲŋ
Stop/ Affricatevoicelesspt̪tt͡ʃk
voicedbdd͡ʒg
prenasal vl.ᵐpʰⁿt̪ⁿtʰᶮt͡ʃᵑkʰ
prenasal vd.ᵐbⁿdᶮd͡ʒᵑɡ
Fricativevoicelessfsʃh
voicedβvzɣ
prenasal vl.ᶬf
prenasal vd.ᶬv
Trillr
Approximantljw
  • Clicks are mainly dental [ǀ], but may also have various articulation points as [ǁ], [ǃ].
  • Most consonants are also palatalized [ʲ] or labialized [ʷ] when before glides /j, w/.
  • /ɡ/ is realized as a fricative [χ] in Afrikaans loanwords.

Clicks

It is one of several Bantu languages of the Okavango which have click consonants, as in [ǀɛ́ǀˀà] 'bed', [mùǀûkò] 'flower', and [kàǀûrù] 'tortoise'. These clicks, of which there are half a dozen (c, gc, ch, and prenasalized nc and nch), are generally all pronounced with a dental articulation, but there is broad variation between speakers. They are especially common in place names and in words for features of the landscape, reflecting their sources in Khwe and Ju, two so-called Khoisan languages. Many of the words with clicks in Gciriku, including those in native Bantu vocabulary, are shared with Kwangali, Mbukushu, and Fwe.

External links