Demographics of Pakistan
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Pakistan had a population of 241,499,431 according to the final results of the 2023 census. This figure includes the country's four provinces e.g. Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan and the Islamabad Capital Territory. Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan's census data is yet to be approved by CCI Council of Pakistan. Pakistan is the world's fifth–most populous country.
Between 1951 and 2023, Pakistan's population expanded over sevenfold, going from 33.7 million to 241.5 million. The country has a relatively high, although declining, growth rate supported by high birth rates and low death rates. Between 1998 and 2017, the average annual population growth rate stood at +2.40%.
Dramatic social changes have led to urbanization and the emergence of two megacities: Karachi and Lahore. The country's urban population more than tripled between 1981 and 2017 (from 23.8 million to 75.7 million), as Pakistan's urbanisation rate rose from 28.2% to 36.4%. Even with this, the nation's urbanisation rate remains one of the lowest in the world, and in 2017, over 130 million Pakistanis (making up nearly 65% of the population) lived in rural areas.
Due to a high fertility rate, which was estimated at 3.5 in 2022, Pakistan has one of the world's youngest populations. The 2017 census recorded that 40.3% of the country's population was under the age of 15, while only 3.7% of Pakistanis were aged 65 or more. The median age of the country was 19, while its sex ratio was recorded to be 105 males per 100 females. Pakistan ranked last (148th of 148 countries) on the Global Gender Gap Index, with a gender parity score of 56.7%, reflecting one of the lowest levels of gender equality globally.
The demographic history of Pakistan from the ancient Indus Valley civilization to the modern era includes the arrival and settlement of many cultures and ethnic groups in the modern region of Pakistan from Eurasia and the nearby Middle East. Because of this, Pakistan has a multicultural, multilinguistic, and multiethnic society. Pakistan is also thought to have the world's fourth-largest refugee population, estimated at 1.4 million in mid-2021 by the UNHCR.
Population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 1951 | 33,740,167 | — |
| 1961 | 42,880,378 | +2.43% |
| 1972 | 65,309,340 | +3.90% |
| 1981 | 84,253,644 | +2.87% |
| 1998 | 132,352,279 | +2.69% |
| 2017 | 207,684,626 | +2.40% |
| 2023 | 241,499,431 | +2.55% |
| Source: |
The 2017 census recorded a population of 207,684,626 living in Pakistan's four provinces and the Islamabad Capital Territory. The census also reported that Azad Kashmir's population stood at 4,045,367 and Gilgit-Baltistan's population was 1,492,924. This meant that the total population of Pakistan in 2017 was 213,222,917.
The statistics in the graphs below were created by the United Nations in July 2022, and are covered in more detail in the following section. This data includes Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan. For years, the country with a population exceeding 230 million has been grappling to achieve economic stability. The people of Pakistan are living in a precarious situation, with an uncertain future in the country.
Estimates from the United Nations
In July 2022, the United Nations published its 2022 World Population Prospects, a bi annually-updated database where key demographic indicators are estimated and projected worldwide down to the country level. They prepared estimates of Pakistan's population for every year from 1950 to 2021, as well as projections for future decades. This data includes Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan.
Projections are highlighted in light yellow, and future figures are taken from the medium fertility variant.
| Year | Population | % Population aged 0 to 14 | % Population aged 15 to 64 | % Population aged 65 or more |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1950 | 37,696,264 | 40.5% | 54.0% | 5.5% |
| 1955 | 40.3% | 55.3% | 4.4% | |
| 1960 | 45,954,226 | 40.6% | 55.6% | 3.7% |
| 1965 | 51,841,626 | 42.3% | 54.4% | 3.4% |
| 1970 | 59,290,872 | 43.7% | 53.0% | 3.3% |
| 1975 | 68,126,999 | 43.9% | 52.8% | 3.4% |
| 1980 | 80,624,057 | 43.0% | 53.5% | 3.4% |
| 1985 | 97,121,552 | 43.0% | 53.5% | 3.5% |
| 1990 | 115,414,069 | 43.7% | 52.8% | 3.5% |
| 1995 | 133,117,476 | 44.4% | 52.1% | 3.5% |
| 2000 | 154,369,924 | 42.9% | 53.6% | 3.5% |
| 2005 | 174,372,098 | 41.1% | 55.4% | 3.5% |
| 2010 | 194,454,498 | 39.2% | 57.0% | 3.7% |
| 2015 | 210,969,298 | 38.4% | 57.7% | 3.9% |
| 2020 | 227,196,741 | 37.3% | 58.6% | 4.2% |
| 2025 | 249,948,885 | 35.3% | 60.2% | 4.5% |
| 2030 | 274,029,836 | 33.2% | 61.9% | 4.9% |
| 2035 | 298,432,780 | 31.7% | 63.1% | 5.2% |
| 2040 | 322,595,767 | 29.5% | 64.8% | 5.7% |
| 2045 | 345,818,945 | 28.1% | 65.8% | 6.2% |
| 2050 | 367,808,468 | 26.6% | 66.5% | 6.9% |
Structure of population
The table below shows Pakistan's population structure by five-year age group and sex using data from the 2023 census. The country's population structure is relatively young, with a median age of 19. With low death rates and a declining birth rate, the country is in the third stage of its Demographic transition. In 2017, Pakistan's sex ratio stood at 105 males per 100 females, which is much more balanced than South Asia as a whole.
The statistics below do not contain Azad Kashmir or Gilgit-Baltistan, which disseminate their census data separately from Pakistan's four provinces and Islamabad.
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Sex ratio | Percent |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 123,824,681 | 116,613,077 | 240,458,089 | 106.12 | 100.0% |
| 0 – 4 | 18,744,989 | 17,726,432 | 36,471,421 | 105.1 | 14.0% |
| 5 – 9 | 16,566,852 | 15,705,284 | 32,272,136 | 108.8 | 14.5% |
| 10 – 14 | 14,971,914 | 13,817,137 | 28,790,182 | 111.8 | 11.8% |
| 15 – 19 | 12,581,753 | 11,569,893 | 24,154,118 | 108.0 | 10.3% |
| 20 – 24 | 10,323,755 | 10,141,864 | 20,468,713 | 100.0 | 8.9% |
| 25 – 29 | 8,946,770 | 9,016,962 | 17,967,161 | 98.8 | 7.9% |
| 30 – 34 | 7,730,953 | 8,026,004 | 15,759,670 | 96.4 | 6.8% |
| 35 – 39 | 7,313,967 | 7,047,727 | 14,364,278 | 102.2 | 5.8% |
| 40 – 44 | 6,471,820 | 6,063,242 | 12,536,758 | 101.5 | 4.6% |
| 45 – 49 | 5,095,175 | 4,624,839 | 9,721,110 | 104.9 | 3.8% |
| 50 – 54 | 4,219,234 | 3,827,003 | 8,047,113 | 110.4 | 3.3% |
| 55 – 59 | 3,455,455 | 2,933,026 | 6,388,995 | 113.8 | 2.4% |
| 60 – 64 | 2,247,341 | 2,063,695 | 4,311,861 | 108.9 | 2.1% |
| 65 – 69 | 1,557,733 | 1,393,718 | 2,952,013 | 111.8 | 1.4% |
| 70 – 74 | 1,131,916 | 1,001,805 | 2,134,220 | 113.0 | 1.0% |
| 75 or more | 1,338,251 | 1,287,621 | 2,626,523 | 103.9 | 1.26% |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Sex ratio | Percent |
| 0 – 14 | 43,533,720 | 40,182,776 | 83 716 496 | 108.3 | 40.3% |
| 15 – 64 | 58,778,374 | 57,478,712 | 116,257,086 | 102.3 | 56.0% |
| 65+ | 4,027,900 | 3,683,144 | 7,711,044 | 109.4 | 3.7% |
Population distribution
Pakistan's population is distributed unevenly, with over half of the country's people living in the Punjab province. On the other hand, Balochistan, which is geographically Pakistan's largest province, is the least-populated. The population is mainly clustered around the most agriculturally fertile areas (which is the reason Punjab has the highest population as it is agriculturally fertile), particularly the Indus River and its tributaries. Most of the country's people live in rural areas, but two large and growing megacities exist: the coastal Karachi and Lahore in eastern Punjab. Numerous smaller cities (such as Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Peshawar, Gujranwala and the capital Islamabad) dot the rest of the country.
By province
The table below shows Pakistan's provinces and territories by their historical population. While every one of Pakistan's administrative units currently has a growing population, the pace of growth is uneven throughout the country due to differing levels of fertility, mortality, as well as domestic and international migration. Populations pertaining to the modern borders of provinces are shown.
| Province or Territory | 1951 | 1961 | 1972 | 1981 | 1998 | 2017 | 2023 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Punjab | 20,540,762 | 25,463,974 | 37,607,423 | 47,292,441 | 73,691,290 | 109,989,655 | 127,688,922 |
| Sindh | 6,047,748 | 8,367,065 | 14,155,909 | 19,028,666 | 30,439,893 | 47,854,510 | 55,696,147 |
| Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 5,888,550 | 7,578,186 | 10,879,781 | 13,259,875 | 20,919,976 | 35,501,964 | 40,856,097 |
| Balochistan | 1,167,167 | 1,353,484 | 2,428,678 | 4,332,376 | 6,565,885 | 12,335,129 | 14,894,402 |
| ICT | — | 117,669 | 237,549 | 340,286 | 805,235 | 2,003,368 | 2,363,863 |
| Four Provinces and ICT | 33,740,167 | 42,880,378 | 65,309,340 | 84,253,644 | 132,352,279 | 207,684,626 | 241,499,431 |
| Azad Kashmir | 886,000 | 1,065,000 | 1,573,000 | 1,983,465 | 2,972,501 | 4,045,367 | |
| Gilgit-Baltistan File:Flag of Gilgit Baltistan (2011-Present).png | — | — | — | — | 884,000 | 1,492,924 | |
| Total Pakistan | — | — | — | — | 136,208,780 | 213,222,917 |
Urbanization
The following table shows how Pakistan has urbanised. As is true with population growth, urbanisation is an uneven and nonlinear process. With an urbanisation rate of 54% as of 2023, Sindh is the country's most urbanised province, just after Punjab. This is largely fuelled by the growth of Karachi, which economically dominates the province and attracts migrants from the rest of the province. On the other hand, the northwestern province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the territory of Gilgit-Baltistan both share very low urbanisation rates.
| Province or Territory | 1951 | 1961 | 1972 | 1981 | 1998 | 2017 | 2023 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Punjab | 17.3% | 21.5% | 24.4% | 27.6% | 31.3% | 36.9% | 40.7% |
| Sindh | 29.2% | 37.9% | 40.4% | 43.3% | 48.8% | 51.9% | 54.0% |
| Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 8.6% | 10.3% | 11.1% | 12.6% | 14.3% | 16.5% | 15.0% |
| Balochistan | 12.4% | 16.9% | 16.5% | 15.6% | 23.9% | 27.6% | 30.1% |
| ICT | 0.0% | 0.0% | 32.3% | 60.1% | 65.7% | 50.4% | 46.9% |
| Four Provinces and ICT | 17.7% | 22.5% | 25.4% | 28.3% | 32.5% | 36.4% | 38.9% |
| Azad Kashmir | — | — | — | 8.1% | 12.5% | 17.4% | |
| Gilgit-Baltistan File:Flag of Gilgit Baltistan (2011-Present).png | — | — | — | — | 16.8% | 16.5% |
Largest cities
As urbanisation has progressed and owing to the country's large population, Pakistan today has many very large urban centers which act as hubs for commerce and culture. The nation has two megacities, Karachi and Lahore. With populations of 18.9 million and 13 million respectively (as of 2023), they are among the world's largest metropolises. The country also has eight more cities with more than 1 million residents each: Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Multan, Hyderabad, Peshawar, Quetta, and Islamabad. All of them play a significant role in the country, housing nearly 19 million people altogether.
Below a list showing Pakistan's cities with a population over 500,000 as of the 2023 census can be found, which not only shows the current populations of the cities, but also their growth rates and locations. The full list can be found on the main article: List of cities in Pakistan by population.
All city population figures below include adjacent cantonments.
| City Name | Province or Territory | 2023 Population | Avg. Annual Growth Rate (2017-2023) | 2017 Population | Avg. Annual Growth Rate (1998-2017) | 1998 Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Karachi | Sindh | 18,868,021 | 4.05% | 14,884,402 | 2.48% | 9,339,023 |
| Lahore | Punjab | 13,004,135 | 2.65% | 11,119,985 | 4.06% | 5,209,088 |
| Faisalabad | Punjab | 3,691,999 | 2.37% | 3,210,158 | 2.49% | 2,008,861 |
| Rawalpindi | Punjab | 3,357,612 | 8.18% | 2,097,824 | 2.11% | 1,409,768 |
| Gujranwala | Punjab | 2,668,047 | 3.55% | 2,028,421 | 3.11% | 1,132,509 |
| Multan | Punjab | 2,215,381 | 2.85% | 1,872,641 | 2.38% | 1,197,384 |
| Hyderabad | Sindh | 1,921,275 | 1.53% | 1,733,622 | 2.10% | 1,166,894 |
| Peshawar | KPK | 1,905,975 | -0.55% | 1,969,823 | 3.72% | 982,816 |
| Quetta | Balochistan | 1,565,546 | 7.79% | 999,385 | 3.04% | 565,137 |
| Islamabad | ICT | 1,108,872 | 1.59% | 1,009,003 | 3.45% | 529,180 |
| Sargodha | Punjab | 975,886 | 6.81% | 658,208 | 1.92% | 458,440 |
| Sialkot | Punjab | 911,817 | 5.64% | 656,730 | 2.36% | 421,502 |
| Bahawalpur | Punjab | 903,795 | 2.88% | 762,774 | 3.34% | 408,395 |
| Jhang | Punjab | 606,533 | 6.58% | 414,309 | 1.83% | 293,366 |
| Sheikhupura | Punjab | 591,424 | 3.80% | 472,269 | 2.79% | 280,263 |
| Gujrat | Punjab | 574,240 | 6.65% | 390,758 | 2.34% | 251,792 |
| Sukkur | Sindh | 563,851 | 2.02% | 500,401 | 2.12% | 335,551 |
| Larkana | Sindh | 551,716 | 2.07% | 488,006 | 3.15% | 270,283 |
| Sahiwal | Punjab | 538,344 | 5,59% | 388,795 | ||
| Okara | Punjab | 533,693 | 6.90% | 358,146 | ||
| Rahim Yar Khan | Punjab | 519,261 | 3.57% | 420,963 | 3.14% | 233,537 |
| Kasur | Punjab | 510,875 | 6.11% | 358,296 |
Vital statistics
As Pakistan lacks a national vital statistics system that publicly disseminates data, all of the following information is made from estimates, which are constantly being revised. The United Nations estimated that in February 2021, only 42% of births in Pakistan were officially registered, making it the world's most populous country where more than half of births remained unregistered. The United Nations was unable to estimate how many deaths were officially registered.
Demographic and Health Surveys
Surveys taken by the Pakistani government or intergovernmental organisations are seen as the most reliable method of keeping tabs on birth, death, fertility, and infant mortality rates in a country without a reliable vital registration system. The data recorded in these surveys is used by the United Nations in order to estimate historical and future fertility and mortality figures for Pakistan in the World Population Prospects.
| Survey | Crude birth rate | Crude death rate | Infant mortality rate | Total fertility rate | Life expectancy | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urban | Rural | Total | Male | Female | ||||
| DHS 2006–07 | 30.7 | — | 78 | 3.30 | 4.49 | 4.08 | — | — |
| PSLM 2007–08 | — | — | 69 | 3.13 | 4.41 | 3.95 | — | — |
| PSLM 2011–12 | — | — | 63 | 3.26 | 4.35 | 3.95 | — | — |
| DHS 2012–13 | — | — | 74 | 3.16 | 4.20 | 3.84 | — | — |
| PSLM 2013–14 | — | — | 65 | 3.24 | 4.35 | 3.95 | — | — |
| DHS 2017–18 | 29 | — | 62 | 2.93 | 3.94 | 3.56 | — | — |
| PSLM 2018–19 | — | — | 60 | 3.01 | 4.21 | 3.75 | — | — |
| PMMS 2019 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 64.3 | 66.5 |
| PDS 2020 | 27 | 6.7 | 56 | 3.07 | 4.11 | 3.72 | 64.5 | 65.5 |
Regional fertility rates
Many of the surveys above also recorded fertility rate data broken down by each of Pakistan's administrative units, while many more surveys have been taken explicitly focusing on a specific province or territory. The fertility rate data recorded in these surveys is displayed in the table below.
| Survey | Punjab | Sindh | KPK | Balochistan | ICT | AJK | G-B | Pakistan |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DHS 2006–07 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.1 | — | — | — | 4.08 |
| MICS Punjab 2011 | 3.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| DHS 2012–13 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 3.0 | — | 3.8 | 3.84 |
| MICS Punjab 2014 | 3.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| MICS Sindh 2014 | — | 4.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| MICS KPK 2016–17 | — | — | 4.0 | — | — | — | — | — |
| MICS G-B 2016–17 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 4.6 | — |
| DHS 2017–18 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 4.7 | 3.56 |
| MICS Punjab 2017–18 | 3.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| MICS Sindh 2018–19 | — | 3.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| MICS KPK 2019 | — | — | 4.0 | — | — | — | — | — |
| MICS Balochistan 2019-20 | — | — | — | 4.0 | — | — | — | — |
| MICS AJK 2020–21 | — | — | — | — | — | 3.4 | — | — |
The MICS surveys above also provide data on the district level, although they come with a far higher margin of error. This margin of error is lessened for larger districts from where larger sample sizes were utilised. In the chart below, the latest fertility rate data for each Pakistani district with a population of over 2 million as of the 2017 census can be found. Although the table is originally ranked by district population size, clicking the headers will allow the reader to sort the table.
| District | Province | Total fertility rate | Margin of error | Year of survey | 2017 Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lahore | Punjab | 3.1 | ±0.2 | 2017–18 | 11,119,985 |
| Faisalabad | Punjab | 3.3 | ±0.2 | 2017–18 | 7,882,444 |
| Rawalpindi | Punjab | 3.2 | ±0.2 | 2017–18 | 5,402,380 |
| Gujranwala | Punjab | 3.4 | ±0.2 | 2017–18 | 5,011,066 |
| Rahim Yar Khan | Punjab | 4.6 | ±0.4 | 2017–18 | 4,807,762 |
| Multan | Punjab | 3.6 | ±0.3 | 2017–18 | 4,746,166 |
| Peshawar | KPK | 4.0 | ±0.5 | 2019 | 4,331,959 |
| Muzaffargarh | Punjab | 4.7 | ±0.3 | 2017–18 | 4,328,549 |
| Karachi West | Sindh | 2.2 | ±0.3 | 2018–19 | 3,907,065 |
| Sialkot | Punjab | 3.5 | ±0.3 | 2017–18 | 3,894,938 |
| Sargodha | Punjab | 3.6 | ±0.3 | 2017–18 | 3,696,212 |
| Bahawalpur | Punjab | 3.9 | ±0.4 | 2017–18 | 3,669,176 |
| Sheikhupura | Punjab | 3.7 | ±0.3 | 2017–18 | 3,460,004 |
| Qasur | Punjab | 4.3 | ±0.3 | 2017–18 | 3,454,881 |
| Okara | Punjab | 4.3 | ±0.4 | 2017–18 | 3,040,826 |
| Bahawalnagar | Punjab | 3.7 | ±0.3 | 2017–18 | 2,975,656 |
| Karachi Central | Sindh | 2.2 | ±0.3 | 2018–19 | 2,971,382 |
| Khanewal | Punjab | 4.0 | ±0.4 | 2017–18 | 2,920,233 |
| Vehari | Punjab | 3.8 | ±0.3 | 2017–18 | 2,902,081 |
| Karachi East | Sindh | 3.2 | ±0.4 | 2018–19 | 2,875,315 |
| Dera Ghazi Khan | Punjab | 5.4 | ±0.5 | 2017–18 | 2,872,631 |
| Gujrat | Punjab | 3.1 | ±0.2 | 2017–18 | 2,756,289 |
| Jhang | Punjab | 4.3 | ±0.4 | 2017–18 | 2,742,633 |
| Korangi | Sindh | 2.5 | ±0.3 | 2018–19 | 2,577,556 |
| Sahiwal | Punjab | 3.6 | ±0.4 | 2017–18 | 2,513,011 |
| Khairpur | Sindh | 4.8 | ±0.8 | 2018–19 | 2,405,190 |
| Mardan | KPK | 4.0 | ±0.3 | 2019 | 2,373,399 |
| Swat | KPK | 4.5 | ±0.5 | 2019 | 2,308,624 |
| Quetta | Balochistan | 4.7 | ±0.3 | 2019-20 | 2,269,473 |
| Hyderabad | Sindh | 3.0 | ±0.4 | 2018–19 | 2,199,928 |
| Toba Tek Singh | Punjab | 3.5 | ±0.3 | 2017–18 | 2,191,495 |
| Sanghar | Sindh | 4.2 | ±0.4 | 2018–19 | 2,049,873 |
| Islamabad | ICT | 3.0 | ±0.3 | 2017–18 | 2,003,368 |
Estimates from the United Nations
In July 2022, the United Nations published its 2022 World Population Prospects, a biennially-updated database where key demographic indicators are estimated and projected worldwide down to the country level. They prepared the following estimates of demographic indicators in Pakistan for every year from 1950 to 2021, as well as projections for future decades. This data includes Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan.
| Year | Mid-year population | Live births | Deaths | Annual natural increase | CBR | CDR | RNC | Crude migration rate (per 1,000) | IMR | TFR | Life expectancy (Male) | Life expectancy (Female) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1950 | 37,696,264 | 1,647,739 | 1,173,219 | 474,520 | 43.7 | 31.1 | 12.6 | 263.4 | 6.80 | 36.2 | 33.4 | |
| 1951 | 38,215,785 | 1,686,378 | 1,121,858 | 564,520 | 44.1 | 29.4 | 14.8 | -1.0 | 252.9 | 6.80 | 37.5 | 34.6 |
| 1952 | 38,816,777 | 1,727,288 | 1,089,817 | 637,471 | 44.5 | 28.1 | 16.4 | -0.7 | 243.3 | 6.80 | 38.6 | 35.8 |
| 1953 | 39,488,228 | 1,768,524 | 1,063,098 | 705,426 | 44.8 | 26.9 | 17.9 | -0.6 | 234.1 | 6.80 | 39.8 | 36.9 |
| 1954 | 40,224,090 | 1,810,574 | 1,044,277 | 766,297 | 45.0 | 26.0 | 19.0 | -0.4 | 225.6 | 6.80 | 40.7 | 37.9 |
| 1955 | 41,023,128 | 1,853,944 | 1,022,153 | 831,791 | 45.2 | 24.9 | 20.3 | -0.4 | 217.4 | 6.80 | 41.8 | 39.0 |
| 1956 | 41,884,995 | 1,900,510 | 1,008,574 | 891,936 | 45.4 | 24.1 | 21.3 | -0.3 | 209.6 | 6.80 | 42.7 | 39.8 |
| 1957 | 42,808,511 | 1,948,801 | 993,703 | 955,098 | 45.5 | 23.2 | 22.3 | -0.3 | 202.2 | 6.80 | 43.7 | 40.7 |
| 1958 | 43,794,993 | 1,999,584 | 981,704 | 1,017,880 | 45.6 | 22.4 | 23.2 | -0.2 | 195.2 | 6.80 | 44.6 | 41.6 |
| 1959 | 44,843,639 | 2,049,555 | 970,149 | 1,079,406 | 45.7 | 21.6 | 24.1 | -0.2 | 188.7 | 6.80 | 45.5 | 42.5 |
| 1960 | 45,954,226 | 2,102,786 | 961,020 | 1,141,766 | 45.7 | 20.9 | 24.8 | 0 | 182.6 | 6.80 | 46.3 | 43.4 |
| 1961 | 47,060,915 | 2,157,005 | 951,411 | 1,205,594 | 45.8 | 20.2 | 25.6 | -1.5 | 176.7 | 6.80 | 47.2 | 44.2 |
| 1962 | 48,161,841 | 2,201,790 | 939,942 | 1,261,848 | 45.6 | 19.5 | 26.2 | -2.8 | 171.2 | 6.80 | 48.0 | 45.0 |
| 1963 | 49,325,050 | 2,247,761 | 922,383 | 1,325,378 | 45.5 | 18.7 | 26.8 | -2.6 | 166.0 | 6.80 | 48.8 | 46.3 |
| 1964 | 50,552,592 | 2,293,167 | 907,551 | 1,385,616 | 45.3 | 17.9 | 27.4 | -2.5 | 161.2 | 6.80 | 49.7 | 47.4 |
| 1965 | 51,841,626 | 2,340,733 | 897,333 | 1,443,400 | 45.1 | 17.3 | 27.8 | -2.3 | 157.5 | 6.80 | 50.3 | 48.5 |
| 1966 | 53,199,414 | 2,388,085 | 869,523 | 1,518,562 | 44.8 | 16.3 | 28.5 | -2.3 | 153.2 | 6.80 | 51.6 | 50.0 |
| 1967 | 54,629,793 | 2,438,389 | 854,112 | 1,584,277 | 44.6 | 15.6 | 29.0 | -2.1 | 149.9 | 6.80 | 52.6 | 51.2 |
| 1968 | 56,124,743 | 2,483,692 | 840,624 | 1,643,068 | 44.2 | 15.0 | 29.2 | -1.8 | 147.0 | 6.80 | 53.5 | 52.3 |
| 1969 | 57,676,805 | 2,524,648 | 831,202 | 1,693,446 | 43.7 | 14.4 | 29.3 | -1.6 | 144.5 | 6.80 | 54.2 | 53.3 |
| 1970 | 59,290,872 | 2,584,996 | 818,806 | 1,766,190 | 43.5 | 13.8 | 29.8 | -1.8 | 142.1 | 6.80 | 55.0 | 54.6 |
| 1971 | 60,878,781 | 2,648,206 | 985,142 | 1,663,064 | 43.4 | 16.2 | 27.3 | -0.5 | 145.5 | 6.80 | 49.0 | 52.2 |
| 1972 | 62,509,565 | 2,712,779 | 838,978 | 1,873,801 | 43.3 | 13.4 | 29.9 | -3.1 | 137.9 | 6.81 | 55.4 | 55.1 |
| 1973 | 64,285,624 | 2,785,335 | 852,459 | 1,932,876 | 43.3 | 13.2 | 30.0 | -1.6 | 136.0 | 6.81 | 55.5 | 55.5 |
| 1974 | 66,149,169 | 2,853,960 | 874,080 | 1,979,880 | 43.1 | 13.2 | 29.9 | -0.9 | 134.3 | 6.81 | 55.4 | 55.6 |
| 1975 | 68,126,999 | 2,931,237 | 882,423 | 2,048,814 | 43.0 | 13.0 | 30.1 | -0.2 | 132.5 | 6.81 | 55.8 | 56.2 |
| 1976 | 70,230,923 | 3,015,342 | 900,018 | 2,115,324 | 42.9 | 12.8 | 30.1 | 0.8 | 131.0 | 6.81 | 55.9 | 56.5 |
| 1977 | 72,451,105 | 3,116,181 | 922,294 | 2,193,887 | 43.0 | 12.7 | 30.3 | 1.3 | 129.6 | 6.80 | 55.8 | 56.9 |
| 1978 | 74,789,330 | 3,223,019 | 934,553 | 2,288,466 | 43.1 | 12.5 | 30.6 | 1.7 | 128.1 | 6.78 | 56.3 | 57.4 |
| 1979 | 77,407,341 | 3,337,688 | 950,235 | 2,387,453 | 43.2 | 12.3 | 30.9 | 4.1 | 126.6 | 6.76 | 56.5 | 58.1 |
| 1980 | 80,624,057 | 3,487,787 | 970,044 | 2,517,743 | 43.5 | 12.1 | 31.4 | 10.2 | 125.1 | 6.73 | 56.8 | 58.6 |
| 1981 | 84,270,202 | 3,700,274 | 1,001,060 | 2,699,214 | 44.2 | 11.9 | 32.2 | 13.0 | 123.6 | 6.70 | 57.1 | 59.3 |
| 1982 | 87,828,198 | 3,903,191 | 1,035,663 | 2,867,528 | 44.6 | 11.8 | 32.7 | 9.5 | 122.1 | 6.67 | 57.4 | 59.8 |
| 1983 | 91,080,372 | 4,067,866 | 1,057,064 | 3,010,802 | 44.7 | 11.6 | 33.1 | 3.9 | 120.5 | 6.64 | 57.7 | 60.5 |
| 1984 | 94,003,867 | 4,188,905 | 1,075,240 | 3,113,665 | 44.5 | 11.4 | 33.1 | -1.0 | 118.8 | 6.62 | 58.0 | 61.0 |
| 1985 | 97,121,552 | 4,291,612 | 1,100,992 | 3,190,620 | 44.2 | 11.4 | 32.9 | 0.3 | 117.0 | 6.59 | 58.5 | 60.4 |
| 1986 | 100,618,523 | 4,453,073 | 1,131,849 | 3,321,224 | 44.3 | 11.3 | 33.0 | 3.0 | 115.2 | 6.55 | 58.8 | 60.3 |
| 1987 | 104,251,093 | 4,602,418 | 1,185,062 | 3,417,356 | 44.2 | 11.4 | 32.8 | 3.3 | 113.3 | 6.52 | 58.5 | 59.8 |
| 1988 | 107,967,838 | 4,749,506 | 1,208,574 | 3,540,932 | 44.0 | 11.2 | 32.8 | 2.9 | 111.5 | 6.48 | 58.5 | 60.4 |
| 1989 | 111,670,386 | 4,877,528 | 1,229,672 | 3,647,856 | 43.7 | 11.0 | 32.7 | 1.6 | 109.6 | 6.43 | 58.7 | 60.7 |
| 1990 | 115,414,069 | 4,979,805 | 1,238,482 | 3,741,323 | 43.1 | 10.7 | 32.4 | 1.1 | 107.8 | 6.36 | 59.0 | 61.4 |
| 1991 | 119,203,569 | 5,070,548 | 1,256,930 | 3,813,618 | 42.5 | 10.5 | 32.0 | 0.8 | 105.9 | 6.29 | 59.4 | 61.3 |
| 1992 | 122,375,179 | 5,146,942 | 1,290,628 | 3,856,314 | 41.8 | 10.5 | 31.3 | -4.7 | 103.9 | 6.21 | 59.6 | 60.7 |
| 1993 | 125,546,615 | 5,116,844 | 1,309,418 | 3,807,426 | 40.8 | 10.4 | 30.3 | -4.4 | 101.7 | 6.11 | 59.6 | 60.4 |
| 1994 | 129,245,139 | 5,188,381 | 1,321,834 | 3,866,547 | 40.1 | 10.2 | 29.9 | -0.4 | 99.5 | 6.01 | 59.7 | 60.6 |
| 1995 | 133,117,476 | 5,214,150 | 1,355,586 | 3,858,564 | 39.2 | 10.2 | 29.0 | 1.0 | 97.2 | 5.89 | 59.5 | 60.4 |
| 1996 | 137,234,810 | 5,283,367 | 1,351,457 | 3,931,910 | 38.5 | 9.9 | 28.7 | 2.2 | 94.7 | 5.77 | 59.9 | 61.1 |
| 1997 | 141,330,267 | 5,323,160 | 1,363,688 | 3,959,472 | 37.7 | 9.7 | 28.0 | 1.8 | 92.3 | 5.64 | 59.9 | 61.5 |
| 1998 | 145,476,106 | 5,391,873 | 1,360,060 | 4,031,813 | 37.1 | 9.4 | 27.7 | 1.6 | 89.9 | 5.51 | 60.2 | 62.1 |
| 1999 | 149,694,462 | 5,457,820 | 1,350,165 | 4,107,655 | 36.5 | 9.0 | 27.5 | 1.5 | 87.5 | 5.39 | 60.8 | 62.8 |
| 2000 | 154,369,924 | 5,503,880 | 1,349,760 | 4,154,120 | 35.8 | 8.8 | 27.0 | 4.2 | 85.3 | 5.26 | 61.2 | 63.1 |
| 2001 | 159,217,727 | 5,621,718 | 1,365,265 | 4,256,453 | 35.3 | 8.6 | 26.8 | 4.6 | 83.3 | 5.12 | 61.4 | 63.6 |
| 2002 | 163,262,807 | 5,707,878 | 1,383,913 | 4,323,965 | 34.9 | 8.5 | 26.4 | -1.0 | 81.5 | 5.01 | 61.7 | 63.7 |
| 2003 | 166,876,680 | 5,705,869 | 1,389,323 | 4,316,546 | 34.1 | 8.3 | 25.8 | -3.7 | 79.8 | 4.89 | 61.9 | 64.0 |
| 2004 | 170,648,620 | 5,728,041 | 1,397,637 | 4,330,404 | 33.5 | 8.2 | 25.3 | -2.7 | 78.4 | 4.69 | 61.9 | 64.4 |
| 2005 | 174,372,098 | 5,741,665 | 1,467,794 | 4,273,871 | 32.9 | 8.4 | 24.5 | -2.7 | 77.9 | 4.59 | 61.2 | 64.0 |
| 2006 | 178,069,984 | 5,780,328 | 1,397,071 | 4,383,257 | 33.2 | 7.9 | 25.3 | -3.4 | 75.7 | 4.59 | 62.1 | 65.7 |
| 2007 | 181,924,521 | 5,939,254 | 1,421,100 | 4,518,154 | 33.3 | 7.8 | 25.4 | -3.2 | 74.5 | 4.55 | 61.9 | 66.1 |
| 2008 | 185,931,955 | 6,026,112 | 1,440,035 | 4,586,077 | 33.6 | 7.8 | 25.8 | -2.6 | 73.1 | 4.52 | 61.9 | 66.5 |
| 2009 | 190,123,222 | 6,126,953 | 1,466,094 | 4,660,859 | 33.6 | 7.7 | 25.9 | -2.0 | 71.8 | 4.47 | 62.1 | 66.5 |
| 2010 | 194,454,498 | 6,251,649 | 1,479,575 | 4,772,074 | 33.5 | 7.7 | 25.8 | -1.7 | 70.5 | 4.40 | 62.3 | 66.9 |
| 2011 | 198,602,738 | 6,344,791 | 1,497,860 | 4,846,931 | 33.0 | 7.6 | 25.5 | -3.0 | 68.8 | 4.31 | 62.5 | 67.1 |
| 2012 | 202,205,861 | 6,416,601 | 1,518,663 | 4,897,938 | 32.5 | 7.5 | 25.0 | -6.0 | 67.1 | 4.20 | 62.7 | 67.2 |
| 2013 | 205,337,562 | 6,432,644 | 1,512,911 | 4,919,733 | 31.9 | 7.4 | 24.5 | -8.3 | 65.5 | 4.12 | 63.0 | 67.6 |
| 2014 | 208,251,628 | 6,374,716 | 1,522,217 | 4,852,499 | 31.3 | 7.3 | 24.0 | -9.0 | 63.8 | 4.06 | 63.1 | 67.7 |
| 2015 | 210,969,298 | 6,297,466 | 1,504,820 | 4,792,646 | 30.7 | 7.2 | 23.5 | -9.6 | 62.1 | 3.99 | 63.5 | 68.2 |
| 2016 | 213,524,840 | 6,291,208 | 1,510,500 | 4,780,708 | 30.0 | 7.0 | 22.9 | -10.2 | 60.4 | 3.90 | 63.7 | 68.3 |
| 2017 | 216,379,655 | 6,289,965 | 1,496,276 | 4,793,689 | 29.7 | 6.9 | 22.8 | -8.7 | 58.8 | 3.90 | 64.0 | 68.8 |
| 2018 | 219,731,479 | 6,302,081 | 1,508,129 | 4,793,952 | 29.3 | 6.9 | 22.5 | -6.3 | 57.1 | 3.86 | 64.2 | 69.0 |
| 2019 | 223,293,280 | 6,689,991 | 1,562,917 | 5,127,074 | 29.0 | 6.8 | 22.2 | -5.3 | 55.5 | 3.81 | 64.6 | 69.1 |
| 2020 | 227,196,741 | 6,726,852 | 1,715,724 | 5,011,128 | 28.6 | 7.3 | 21.3 | -3.4 | 53.9 | 3.77 | 63.9 | 68.8 |
| 2021 | 231,402,117 | 6,797,293 | 1,731,352 | 5,065,941 | 28.4 | 7.2 | 21.2 | -1.9 | 52.3 | 3.72 | 63.8 | 68.6 |
| 2022 | 6,855,375 | 1,587,284 | 5,268,091 | 28.1 | 6.5 | 21.6 | 3.66 | |||||
| 2023 | 6,882,058 | 1,600,313 | 5,281,745 | 27.8 | 6.5 | 21.3 | 3.61 | |||||
| 2024 | 6,887,798 | 1,619,471 | 5,268,327 | 27.4 | 6.4 | 21.0 | 3.55 | |||||
| 2025 | 6,909,545 | 1,640,577 | 5,268,968 | 27.1 | 6.4 | 20.6 | 3.50 |
Human development
Human Development Index
Pakistan's Human Development Index (HDI) value for 2018 is in the medium human development category with a score of 0.560 (152nd rank out of 189 countries and territories) compared to 0.614 (135th rank) for Bangladesh and 0.647 (129th rank) for India. From 1990 to 2018, Pakistan's HDI increased 38.6% from 0.404 to 0.560.
2018 Information on Pakistani provinces/regions, compared to other countries, estimated at three decimal places is provided below:
| Rank | Region | HDI (2018) |
|---|---|---|
| Medium human development | ||
| 1 | Islamabad Capital Territory | 0.875 |
| 2 | Azad Jammu & Kashmir | 0.611 |
| 3 | Gilgit-Baltistan | 0.593 |
| 4 | Punjab | 0.567 |
| – | Pakistan (average) | 0.561 |
| Low human development | ||
| 5 | Sindh | 0.533 |
| 6 | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 0.529 |
| 7 | Balochistan | 0.477 |
| 8 | FATA | 0.466 |
Literacy
Definition: A person who can read a newspaper and write a simple letter in any language with understanding and can make simple calculation is treated as literate. Literacy rates for the population over 10 years old as of 2023 are below.
| Total population | 62.85% |
| Urban | 77.09% |
| Rural | 55.56% |
Educational institutions by kind
- Primary schools: 156,592
- Middle schools: 46,218
- High schools: 23,964
- College of Arts and Sciences: 3,213
- Degree colleges: 1,202
- Technical and vocational institutions: 3,125
- Universities: 197
Nationality, ethnicity, and language
Ethnic groups
- Punjabis (44.7%)
- Pashtuns (15.4%)
- Sindhis (14.1%)
- Saraikis (8.40%)
- Muhajirs (7.60%)
- Baloch (3.60%)
- Others (6.30%)
The major ethnolinguistic groups of Pakistan include Punjabis, Pashtuns, Sindhis, Saraikis,Muhajirs, Balochs, Hindkowans/Hazarewals, Meos, and Kohistanis with significant numbers of Shina, Baltis, Kashmiris, Paharis, Chitralis, Hazaras, Burusho and other various minorities.
Pakistan's census does not include the nearly 2 million Afghans, who have been ordered to leave Pakistan or face deportation. Majority of them were born in Pakistan within the last four decades and are ethnically Pashtuns, Tajiks, Uzbeks and others.
Foreign-born population in Pakistan
After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, millions of Muslims from India migrated to Pakistan and they are the largest group of foreign-born residents. This group is dwindling because of its age. The second-largest group of foreign-born residents consists of Afghans who have been ordered to leave Pakistan or face deportation. There are also smaller groups of Muslim immigrants from countries such as Burma, Bangladesh, Iraq, Somalia, Iran, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, among others.[citation needed]
| Year | Population | Foreign born | Percentage foreign born |
|---|---|---|---|
| Year Population Foreign born Percentage foreign born 1960 46,259,000 6,350,296 13.73% 1970 59,565,000 5,105,556 8.57% 1980 79,297,000 5,012,524 6.32% 1990 111,698,000 6,555,782 5.87% 2000 142,648,000 4,242,689 2.97% 2005 157,935,000 3,254,112 2.06% | |||
| 1960 | 46,259,000 | 6,350,296 | 13.73% |
| 1970 | 59,565,000 | 5,105,556 | 8.57% |
| 1980 | 79,297,000 | 5,012,524 | 6.32% |
| 1990 | 111,698,000 | 6,555,782 | 5.87% |
| 2000 | 142,648,000 | 4,242,689 | 2.97% |
| 2005 | 157,935,000 | 3,254,112 | 2.06% |
| Source: | Mostly those born before 1947 |
Languages
- Punjabi (37.0%)
- Pashto (18.1%)
- Sindhi (14.3%)
- Saraiki (12.0%)
- Urdu (9.25%)
- Balochi (3.38%)
- Hindko (2.32%)
- Brahui (1.16%)
- Mewati (0.46%)
- Kohistani (0.43%)
- Kashmiri (0.11%)
- Shina (0.05%)
- Balti (0.02%)
- Kalasha (0.00%)
- Others (1.38%)
Pakistan is a multilingual country with dozens of regional languages spoken as first languages by various ethnolinguistic groups. The majority Pakistan's languages belong to the Indo-Iranian group of the Indo-European language family.
Urdu is the national language and the lingua franca of Pakistan, and while sharing official status with English, it is the preferred and dominant language used for communication between different ethnic groups. Despite Urdu being the country's lingua franca, estimates on how many languages are spoken in the country range from 75 to 85, and in 2023, the country's three largest languages were Punjabi (being spoken by up to 36.98% of the total population), Pashto (18.15%), and Sindhi (14.31%). Languages with more than a million speakers each include Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi, Saraiki, Urdu, Balochi, Hindko, Brahui, Mewati and Kohistani.
Ethnologue lists 74 languages in Pakistan. Of these, 66 are indigenous and 8 are non-indigenous. In terms of their vitality, 7 are classified as 'institutional', 17 are 'developing', 37 are 'vigorous', 10 are 'in trouble', and 3 are 'dying'.
Religion
- Islam (96.3%)
- Hinduism (2.17%)
- Christianity (1.37%)
- Others (0.11%)
According to the World Factbook, Library of Congress, Oxford University, over 96% of the population of Pakistan is Muslim and the remaining 4% is Hindu, Christian, and others. Majority of the Muslims practice Sunni with a significant minority of Shi'as.
Nearly all Pakistani Sunni Muslims belong to the Hanafi school, although there are some Hanbalis and Ahl-e-Hadees. The majority of Shia Muslims belong to the Ithnā'Ashariyyah branch, while a smaller number practice Ismailism. There are small non-Muslim religious groups, including Christians, Ahmadis, Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs, Baháʼís and Zoroastrians (Parsis),
| Religious group | Pakistan | Punjab | Sindh | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | Balochistan | ICT | AJK | Gilgit- Baltistan | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Population | Percentage | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
| Islam | 231,686,709 | 96.35% | 124,462,897 | 97.75% | 50,126,428 | 90.09% | 40,486,153 | 99.62% | 14,429,568 | 99.09% | 2,181,663 | 95.55% | —N/a | —N/a | —N/a | —N/a |
| Hinduism | 5,217,216 | 2.17% | 249,716 | 0.2% | 4,901,407 | 8.81% | 6,102 | 0.02% | 59,107 | 0.41% | 884 | 0.04% | —N/a | —N/a | —N/a | —N/a |
| Christianity | 3,300,788 | 1.37% | 2,458,924 | 1.93% | 546,968 | 0.98% | 134,884 | 0.33% | 62,731 | 0.43% | 97,281 | 4.26% | —N/a | —N/a | —N/a | —N/a |
| Ahmadiyya | 162,684 | 0.07% | 140,512 | 0.11% | 18,266 | 0.03% | 951 | 0% | 557 | 0% | 2,398 | 0.11% | —N/a | —N/a | —N/a | —N/a |
| Sikhism | 15,998 | 0.01% | 5,649 | 0% | 5,182 | 0.01% | 4,050 | 0.01% | 1,057 | 0.01% | 60 | 0% | —N/a | —N/a | —N/a | —N/a |
| Zoroastrianism | 2,348 | 0.001% | 358 | 0% | 1,763 | 0% | 36 | 0% | 181 | 0% | 10 | 0% | —N/a | —N/a | —N/a | —N/a |
| Others (inc. Kalashas, Baháʼís, Buddhists, Jews) | 72,346 | 0.03% | 15,249 | 0.01% | 38,395 | 0.07% | 8,944 | 0.02% | 8,810 | 0.06% | 948 | 0.04% | —N/a | —N/a | —N/a | —N/a |
| Total responses | 240,458,089 | 99.57% | 127,333,305 | 99.72% | 55,638,409 | 99.9% | 40,641,120 | 99.47% | 14,562,011 | 97.77% | 2,283,244 | 96.59% | —N/a | —N/a | —N/a | —N/a |
| Total population | 241,499,431 | 100% | 127,688,922 | 100% | 55,696,147 | 100% | 40,856,097 | 100% | 14,894,402 | 100% | 2,363,863 | 100% | —N/a | —N/a | —N/a | —N/a |
Recent changes and detailed demographic data
Pakistan Bureau of Statistics released religious data of Pakistan Census 2017 on 19 May 2021. 96.47% are Muslims, followed by 2.174% Hindus, 1.27% Christians, 0.09% Ahmadis and 0.02% others.
The 2017 census showed marginal increase in the share of Hindus.The census also recorded Pakistan's first Hindu-majority district, called Umerkot District.
On the other hand, Christianity in Pakistan, while increasing in raw numbers, has fallen significantly in percentage terms since the last census. Christians are concentrated in the most developed parts of Pakistan, Lahore District (over 5% Christian), Islamabad Capital Territory (over 4% Christian), and Northern Punjab.
The Ahmadiyya movement shrunk in size (both raw numbers and percentage) between 1998 and 2017, while remaining concentrated in Lalian Tehsil, Chiniot District, where approximately 13% of the population is Ahmadiyya.
Pakistanis around the world
| Saudi Arabia | 4,000,000 |
| United Arab Emirates | 1,600,000 |
| United Kingdom | 1,200,000 |
| United States | 687,942 |
| Canada | 215,000 |
| Kuwait | 190,000 |
| South Africa | 180,000 |
| Oman | 385,000 |
| Australia | 61,913 |
| Germany | 179,668 |
| Qatar | 52,500 |
| France | 50,000 |
| Norway | 39,257 |
| Denmark | 21,000 |
| New Zealand | 10,000 |
| Ireland | 9,501 |
| Japan | 22,118 |
See also
- Minorities in Pakistan
- Ethnic groups of Pakistan
- Languages of Pakistan
- List of districts of Pakistan by literacy rate
- List of districts of Pakistan by types of households
- Demographics Demographics of Punjab, Pakistan Demographics of Sindh Demographics of Balochistan, Pakistan Demographics of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Demographics of Azad Kashmir Demographics of Gilgit-Baltistan
Notes
Sources
- Baart, Joan L. G. (2003). . Islamabad.
- Lothers, Michael; Lothers, Laura (April 2010). (Report). SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2010-012.
- Parkin, Robert (January 1989). "Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology". Indo-Iranian Journal. 32 (1): 37–43. doi: (inactive 11 July 2025). JSTOR . S2CID .
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link) - Rahman, Tariq (1995). "The Siraiki Movement in Pakistan". Language Problems & Language Planning. 19 (1): 1–25. doi:.
- Rahman, Tariq (1996). Language and politics in Pakistan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-577692-8.
- Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). . In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5.
- Shackle, Christopher (1977). "Siraiki: A Language Movement in Pakistan". Modern Asian Studies. 11 (3): 379–403. doi:. ISSN . JSTOR . S2CID .
- Shackle, Christopher (1979). "Problems of classification in Pakistan Punjab". Transactions of the Philological Society. 77 (1): 191–210. doi:. ISSN .
- Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:. ISSN . S2CID .
External links
- – Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
- – Population by mother tongue