In algebraic geometry, given a linear algebraic group G over a field k, a distribution on it is a linear functional k [ G ] → k {\displaystyle k[G]\to k} satisfying some support condition. A convolution of distributions is again a distribution and thus they form the Hopf algebra on G, denoted by Dist(G), which contains the Lie algebra Lie(G) associated to G. Over a field of characteristic zero, Cartier's theorem says that Dist(G) is isomorphic to the universal enveloping algebra of the Lie algebra of G and thus the construction gives no new information. In the positive characteristic case, the algebra can be used as a substitute for the Lie group–Lie algebra correspondence and its variant for algebraic groups in the characteristic zero; for example, this approach taken in (Jantzen 1987).

Construction

The Lie algebra of a linear algebraic group

Let k be an algebraically closed field and G a linear algebraic group (that is, affine algebraic group) over k. By definition, Lie(G) is the Lie algebra of all derivations of k[G] that commute with the left action of G. As in the Lie group case, it can be identified with the tangent space to G at the identity element.

Enveloping algebra

There is the following general construction for a Hopf algebra. Let A be a Hopf algebra. The finite dual of A is the space of linear functionals on A with kernels containing left ideals of finite codimensions. Concretely, it can be viewed as the space of matrix coefficients.

The adjoint group of a Lie algebra

Distributions on an algebraic group

Definition

Let X = Spec A be an affine scheme over a field k and let Ix be the kernel of the restriction map A → k ( x ) {\displaystyle A\to k(x)}, the residue field of x. By definition, a distribution f supported at x'' is a k-linear functional on A such that f ( I x n ) = 0 {\displaystyle f(I_{x}^{n})=0} for some n. (Note: the definition is still valid if k is an arbitrary ring.)

Now, if G is an algebraic group over k, we let Dist(G) be the set of all distributions on G supported at the identity element (often just called distributions on G). If f, g are in it, we define the product of f and g, demoted by f * g, to be the linear functional

k [ G ] → Δ k [ G ] ⊗ k [ G ] → f ⊗ g k ⊗ k = k {\displaystyle k[G]{\overset {\Delta }{\to }}k[G]\otimes k[G]{\overset {f\otimes g}{\to }}k\otimes k=k}

where Δ is the comultiplication that is the homomorphism induced by the multiplication G × G → G {\displaystyle G\times G\to G}. The multiplication turns out to be associative (use 1 ⊗ Δ ∘ Δ = Δ ⊗ 1 ∘ Δ {\displaystyle 1\otimes \Delta \circ \Delta =\Delta \otimes 1\circ \Delta }) and thus Dist(G) is an associative algebra, as the set is closed under the muplication by the formula:

(*) Δ ( I 1 n ) ⊂ ∑ r = 0 n I 1 r ⊗ I 1 n − r . {\displaystyle \Delta (I_{1}^{n})\subset \sum _{r=0}^{n}I_{1}^{r}\otimes I_{1}^{n-r}.}

It is also unital with the unity that is the linear functional k [ G ] → k , ϕ ↦ ϕ ( 1 ) {\displaystyle k[G]\to k,\phi \mapsto \phi (1)}, the Dirac's delta measure.

The Lie algebra Lie(G) sits inside Dist(G). Indeed, by definition, Lie(G) is the tangent space to G at the identity element 1; i.e., the dual space of I 1 / I 1 2 {\displaystyle I_{1}/I_{1}^{2}}. Thus, a tangent vector amounts to a linear functional on I1 that has no constant term and kills the square of I1 and the formula (*) implies [ f , g ] = f ∗ g − g ∗ f {\displaystyle [f,g]=f*g-g*f} is still a tangent vector.

Let g = Lie ⁡ ( G ) {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}=\operatorname {Lie} (G)} be the Lie algebra of G. Then, by the universal property, the inclusion g ↪ Dist ⁡ ( G ) {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}\hookrightarrow \operatorname {Dist} (G)} induces the algebra homomorphism:

U ( g ) → Dist ⁡ ( G ) . {\displaystyle U({\mathfrak {g}})\to \operatorname {Dist} (G).}

When the base field k has characteristic zero, this homomorphism is an isomorphism.

Examples

Additive group

Let G = G a {\displaystyle G=\mathbb {G} _{a}} be the additive group; i.e., G(R) = R for any k-algebra R. As a variety G is the affine line; i.e., the coordinate ring is k[t] and In 0 = (tn).

Multiplicative group

Let G = G m {\displaystyle G=\mathbb {G} _{m}} be the multiplicative group; i.e., G(R) = R* for any k-algebra R. The coordinate ring of G is k[t, t−1] (since G is really GL1(k).)

Correspondence

  • For any closed subgroups H, 'K of G, if k is perfect and H is irreducible, then

H ⊂ K ⇔ Dist ⁡ ( H ) ⊂ Dist ⁡ ( K ) . {\displaystyle H\subset K\Leftrightarrow \operatorname {Dist} (H)\subset \operatorname {Dist} (K).}

  • If V is a G-module (that is a representation of G), then it admits a natural structure of Dist(G)-module, which in turns gives the module structure over g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}}.
  • Any action G on an affine algebraic variety X induces the representation of G on the coordinate ring k[X]. In particular, the conjugation action of G induces the action of G on k[G]. One can show In 1 is stable under G and thus G acts on (k[G]/In 1)* and whence on its union Dist(G). The resulting action is called the adjoint action of G.

The case of finite algebraic groups

Let G be an algebraic group that is "finite" as a group scheme; for example, any finite group may be viewed as a finite algebraic group. There is an equivalence of categories between the category of finite algebraic groups and the category of finite-dimensional cocommutative Hopf algebras given by mapping G to k[G]*, the dual of the coordinate ring of G. Note that Dist(G) is a (Hopf) subalgebra of k[G]*.

Relation to Lie group–Lie algebra correspondence

Notes

  • Jantzen, Jens Carsten (1987). Representations of Algebraic Groups. Pure and Applied Mathematics. Vol. 131. Boston: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-380245-3.
  • Milne,
  • Claudio Procesi, Lie groups: An approach through invariants and representations, Springer, Universitext 2006
  • Mukai, S. (2002). . Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics. Vol. 81. ISBN 978-0-521-80906-1.
  • Springer, Tonny A. (1998), Linear algebraic groups, Progress in Mathematics, vol. 9 (2nd ed.), Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, ISBN 978-0-8176-4021-7, MR

Further reading

  • by Daniel Miller Fall 2014