Duke of Aquitaine
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The duke of Aquitaine (Occitan: Duc d'Aquitània, French: Duc d'Aquitaine, IPA: [dykdakitɛn]) was the ruler of the medieval region of Aquitaine (not to be confused with modern-day Aquitaine) under the supremacy of Frankish, English, and later French kings.
As successor states of the Visigothic Kingdom (418–721), Aquitania (Aquitaine) and Languedoc (Toulouse) inherited both Visigothic law and Roman Law, which together allowed women more rights than their contemporaries would enjoy until the 20th century. Particularly under the Liber Judiciorum as codified in 642/643 and expanded by the Code of Recceswinth in 653, women could inherit land and titles and manage their holdings independently from their husbands or male relations, dispose of their property in legal wills if they had no heirs, represent themselves and bear witness in court from the age of 14, and arrange for their own marriages after the age of 20. As a consequence, male-preference primogeniture was the practiced succession law for the nobility.
Coronation
The Merovingian kings and dukes of Aquitaine used Toulouse as their capital.[citation needed] The Carolingian kings used different capitals situated farther north. In 765, Pepin the Short bestowed the captured golden banner of the Aquitainian duke, Waiffre, on the Abbey of Saint Martial in Limoges.[citation needed] Pepin I of Aquitaine was buried in Poitiers. Charles the Child was crowned at Limoges and buried at Bourges.[citation needed] When Aquitaine briefly asserted its independence after the death of Charles the Fat, it was Ranulf II of Poitou who took the royal title.[citation needed] In the late tenth century, Louis the Indolent was crowned at Brioude.[citation needed]
The Aquitainian ducal coronation procedure is preserved in a late twelfth-century ordo (formula) from Saint-Étienne in Limoges, based on an earlier Romano-German ordo. In the early thirteenth century a commentary was added to this ordo, which emphasised Limoges as the capital of Aquitaine. The ordo indicated that the duke received a silk mantle, coronet, banner, sword, spurs, and the ring of Saint Valerie.[citation needed]
Visigothic dukes
- Suatrius (flor. 493), captured by Clovis I during the First Franco-Visigothic War.
Dukes of Aquitaine under Frankish kings
Merovingian kings are in boldface.
- Chram (555–560)
- Desiderius (583–587, jointly with Bladast)
- Bladast (583–587, jointly with Desiderius)
- Gundoald (584/585)
- Austrovald (587–589)
- Sereus (589–592)
- Chlothar II (592–629)
- Charibert II (629–632)
- Chilperic (632)
- Boggis (632–660)
- Felix (660–670)
- Lupus I (670–676)
- Odo the Great (688–735), his reign commenced perhaps as late as 692, 700, or 715, unclear parentage
- Hunald I (735–745), son of Odo the Great, abdicated to a monastery
- Waifer (745–768), son of Hunald I
- Hunald II (768–769), probably son of Waifer
- Lupo II (768–781), Duke of Gascony, opposed Charlemagne's rule and Hunald's relatives.
Direct rule of Carolingian kings
Restored dukes of Aquitaine under Frankish kings
The Carolingian kings again appointed Dukes of Aquitaine, first in 852, and again since 866.[citation needed] Later, this duchy was also called Guyenne.[citation needed]
House of Poitiers (Ramnulfids)
| Name | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | King of the Franks (reign) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ranulph I 852 – 866 | 820 | Adeltrude of Maine 3 children | 866 | Charles the Bald 843–877) |
| Ranulph II 887 – 890 | 850 | N/A | 5 August 890 | Charles the Fat (881–888)Odo (888–898) |
House of Auvergne
The following were also Count of Auvergne.
| Name | Portrait | Birth | Death | King of the Franks |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| William I the Pious (893–918) | 22 March 875 | 6 July 918(918-07-06) (aged 43) | Odo (888–898)Charles the Simple (898–922)Charles the Simple (898–922)Robert I (922–923)Rudolph (923–936) | |
| William II the Younger (918–926) | 12 December 926 | |||
| Acfred (926–927) | 927 |
House of Poitiers (Ramnulfids) restored (927–932)
- Ebalus the Bastard (also called Manzer) (927–932)), illegitimate son of Ranulph II and distant cousin of Acfred, also Count of Poitiers and Auvergne.
House of Rouergue
- Raymond I Pons (932–936)
- Raymond II (936–955)
House of Capet
- Hugh the Great (955–962)
House of Poitiers (Ramnulfids) restored (962–1152)
- William III Towhead (962–963), son of Ebalus, also Count of Poitiers and Auvergne.
- William IV Iron Arm (963–995), son of William III, also Count of Poitiers.
- William V the Great (995–1030), son of William IV, also Count of Poitiers.
- William VI the Fat (1030–1038), first son of William V, also Count of Poitiers.
- Odo (1038–1039), second son of William V, also Count of Poitiers and Duke of Gascony.
- William VII the Eagle (1039–1058), third son of William V, also Count of Poitiers.
- William VIII (1058–1086), fourth son of William V, also Count of Poitiers and Duke of Gascony.
- William IX the Troubadour (or the Younger) (1086–1127), son of William VIII, also Count of Poitiers and Duke of Gascony.
- William X the Saint (1127–1137), son of William IX, also Count of Poitiers and Duke of Gascony.
- Eleanor of Aquitaine (1137–1204), daughter of William X, also Countess of Poitiers and Duchess of Gascony, married the kings of France and England in succession. Louis the Younger (1137–1152), also King of France, duke in right of his wife.
From 1152, the Duchy of Aquitaine was held by the Plantagenets, who also ruled England as independent monarchs and held other territories in France by separate inheritance (see Plantagenet Empire). The Plantagenets were often more powerful than the kings of France, and their reluctance to do homage to the kings of France for their lands in France was one of the major sources of conflict in medieval Western Europe.
House of Plantagenet
| Name | Portrait | Arms | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | King of France |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Henry I Henry Curtmantle 18 May 1152 – June 1172 (20 years) | 5 March 1133 Le MansSon of Geoffrey Plantagenet of Anjou and Matilda | Eleanor of Aquitaine Bordeaux Cathedral 18 May 1152 8 children | 6 July 1189 Chinon Aged 56 | Louis VII (1137–1180) | ||
| Philip II (1180–1223) | ||||||
| Richard I Richard the Lionheart June 1172 – 6 April 1199 (26 years, 10 months) | 1198–1340 | 8 September 1157 Beaumont PalaceSon of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine | Berengaria of Navarre Limassol 12 May 1191 No children | 6 April 1199 Châlus Shot by a quarrel aged 41 | ||
| John John Lackland 27 May 1199 – 19 October 1216 (17 years, 146 days) | 24 December 1166 Beaumont PalaceSon of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine | (1) Isabel of Gloucester Marlborough Castle 29 August 1189 No children(2) Isabella of Angoulême Bordeaux Cathedral 24 August 1200 5 children | 19 October 1216 Newark-on-Trent Aged 49 | |||
| Henry II Henry III of England 28 October 1216 – 16 November 1272 (56 years, 20 days) | 1 October 1207 Winchester CastleSon of John and Isabella of Angoulême | Eleanor of Provence Canterbury Cathedral 14 January 1236 5 children | 16 November 1272 Westminster Palace Aged 65 | |||
| Louis VIII (1223–1226) | ||||||
| Louis IX (1226–1270) | ||||||
| Philip III "the Bold" (1270–1285) | ||||||
| Edward I Edward Longshanks 20 November 1272 – 7 July 1307 (34 years, 230 days) | 17 June 1239 Palace of WestminsterSon of Henry III and Eleanor of Provence | (1) Eleanor of Castile Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas 18 October 1254 16 children(2) Margaret of France Canterbury Cathedral 10 September 1299 3 children | 7 July 1307 Burgh by Sands Aged 68 | |||
| Philip IV the Fair (1285–1314) | ||||||
| Edward II Edward of Caernarfon 8 July 1307 – 1325 (18 years, 1 day) | 25 April 1284 Caernarfon CastleSon of Edward I and Eleanor of Castile | Isabella of France Boulogne Cathedral 24 January 1308 4 children | 21 September 1327 Berkeley Castle Murdered aged 43 | |||
| Louis X "the Quarreller" (1314–1316) | ||||||
| John I "the Posthumous" (4 days in 1316) | ||||||
| Philip V "the Tall" (1316–1322) | ||||||
| Charles IV "the Fair" (1322–1328) | ||||||
| Edward III Edward of Windsor 1325 – 24 October 1360 (35 years, 274 days) | 13 November 1312 Windsor CastleSon of Edward II and Isabella of France | Philippa of Hainault York Minster 25 January 1328 14 children | 21 June 1377 Sheen Palace Aged 64 | |||
| 1340–1360, from 1369 | Philip VI "the Fortunate" (1328–1350) | |||||
| 1360–1369 | John II "the Good" (1350–1364) |
Plantagenet rulers of Aquitaine
In 1337, King Philip VI of France reclaimed the fief of Aquitaine from Edward III, King of England. Edward in turn claimed the title of King of France, by right of his descent from his maternal grandfather King Philip IV of France. This triggered the Hundred Years' War, in which both the Plantagenets and the House of Valois claimed supremacy over Aquitaine.
| Name | Portrait | Arms | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Edward III Edward of Windsor 1337–1360 | Until 1340, 1360–1369 1340–1360, from 1369 | 13 November 1312 Windsor CastleSon of Edward II and Isabella of France | Philippa of Hainault York Minster 25 January 1328 14 children | 21 June 1377 Sheen Palace Aged 64 |
Lord of Aquitaine (1360–1369)
In 1360, both sides signed the Treaty of Brétigny, in which Edward renounced the French crown but remained sovereign Lord of Aquitaine (rather than merely duke). However, when the treaty was broken in 1369, both these English claims and the war resumed.
| Name | Portrait | Arms | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Edward III Edward of Windsor 1337–1360 | 1360–1369 | 13 November 1312 Windsor CastleSon of Edward II and Isabella of France | Philippa of Hainault York Minster 25 January 1328 14 children | 21 June 1377 Sheen Palace Aged 64 |
Prince of Aquitaine and Gascony (1362–1372)
In 1362, King Edward III, as Lord of Aquitaine, made his eldest son Edward, Prince of Wales, Prince of Aquitaine and Gascony.
| Name | Portrait | Arms | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Edward, Prince of Wales 19 July 1362 – 6 October 1372 10 years, 79 days | 15 June 1330 Woodstock PalaceSon of Edward III and Philippa of Hainault 2 children | Joan of Kent 1361 | 8 June 1376 Westminster Palace Aged 45 |
On 6 October 1372, Prince Edward (who had returned to England the previous year) resigned the Principality of Aquitaine and Gascony, stating that the revenues he earned from Aquitaine were no longer sufficient to cover his expenses. Thus, King Edward III, his father, resumed his title as Duke of Aquitaine.
Duke of Aquitaine (1372–1453)
| Name | Portrait | Arms | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Edward III Edward of Windsor 1372 – 21 June 1377 (5 years) | From 1369 | 13 November 1312 Windsor CastleSon of Edward II and Isabella of France | Philippa of Hainault York Minster 25 January 1328 14 children | 21 June 1377 Sheen Palace Aged 64 | |
| Richard II Richard of Bordeaux 22 June 1377 – 1390 (13 years) | 6 January 1367 Archbishop's Palace of BordeauxSon of Edward the Black Prince and Joan of Kent | (1) Anne of Bohemia 14 January 1382 Westminster Abbey No children(2) Isabella of Valois Church of St. Nicholas, Calais 4 November 1396 No children | 14 February 1400 Pontefract Castle Aged 33 | ||
| John II John of Gaunt 1390 – 1399 9 years | 6 March 1340 Ghent son of Edward III and Philippa of Hainault | Blanche of Lancaster 19 May 1359 – 12 September 1368 8 children Constance of Castile 21 September 1371 – 24 March 1394 2 children Katherine Swynford 13 January 1396 4 children | 3 February 1399 Leicester Castle aged 58 | ||
| Richard II Richard of Bordeaux 3 February – 30 September 1399 (239 days) | 1395–1399 | 6 January 1367 Archbishop's Palace of BordeauxSon of Edward the Black Prince and Joan of Kent | (1) Anne of Bohemia 14 January 1382 Westminster Abbey No children(2) Isabella of Valois Church of St. Nicholas, Calais 4 November 1396 No children | 14 February 1400 Pontefract Castle Aged 33 | |
| Henry III of Aquitaine Henry IV of England 30 September 1399 – c. 1400 | until 1406 | c. April 1367 Bolingbroke CastleSon of John of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster | (1) Mary de Bohun Arundel Castle 27 July 1380 6 children(2) Joanna of Navarre Winchester Cathedral 7 February 1403 No children | 20 March 1413 Westminster Abbey Aged 45 | |
| Henry IV of Aquitaine Henry of Monmouth c. 1400 – 31 August 1422 (22 years) | until 1406 1406–1413 from 1413 | 16 September 1386 Monmouth CastleSon of Henry IV and Mary de Bohun | Catherine of Valois Troyes Cathedral 2 June 1420 1 son | 31 August 1422 Château de Vincennes Aged 35 | |
| Henry VI1 September 1422 – 1453 (31 years) | 6 December 1421 Windsor CastleSon of Henry V and Catherine of Valois | Margaret of Anjou Titchfield Abbey 22 April 1445 1 son | 21 May 1471 Tower of London Allegedly murdered aged 49 | ||
| Duchy of Aquitaine annexed into the Kingdom of France, title abolished |
Valois and Bourbon dukes of Aquitaine
The Valois kings of France, claiming supremacy over Aquitaine, granted the title of duke to their heirs, the Dauphins.
- John II (1345–1350), son of Philip VI of France, acceded in 1350 as King of France.
- Charles, Dauphin of France, Duke of Guyenne (1392?–1401), son of Charles VI of France, Dauphin.
- Louis (1401–1415), son of Charles VI of France, Dauphin.
With the end of the Hundred Years' War, Aquitaine returned under direct rule of the king of France and remained in the possession of the king. Only occasionally was the duchy or the title of duke granted to another member of the dynasty.
- Charles, Duc de Berry (1469–1472), son of Charles VII of France.
- Xavier (1753–1754), second son of Louis, Dauphin of France.
The Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia, son of Alfonso XIII of Spain, was one of the Legitimist pretenders to the French throne. In 1972, he conferred the hereditary title of Duke of Aquitaine on his son, Gonzalo, who died in 2000 without legitimate progeny.
Family tree
See also
Notes
Bibliography
- —— (2002) [1999]. Richard I. London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3000-9404-6..
- Curry, Anne (2003). The Hundred Years War. Palgrave Macmillan.
- Fryde, Edmund B., ed. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (3rd ed.). Royal Historical Society. ISBN 978-0-521-56350-5.
- Mortimer, Ian (2006). The Perfect King: The Life of Edward III, Father of the English Nation. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0-2240-7301-X.
- Previté-Orton, C. (1978). The shorter Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-5212-0963-2.
- Turner, Ralph V.; Heiser, Richard R (2000). The Reign of Richard Lionheart, Ruler of the Angevin empire, 1189–1199. Harlow: Longman. ISBN 978-0-5822-5659-0..
Attribution
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Hunt, William (1889), "Edward the Black Prince", in Stephen, Leslie (ed.), Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 17, London: Smith, Elder & Co, pp. 90–101