X-SAMPA

The Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet (X-SAMPA) is a variant of SAMPA developed in 1995 by John C. Wells, professor of phonetics at University College London. It is designed to unify the individual-language SAMPA alphabets, and extend SAMPA to cover the entire range of characters in the 1993 version of International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The result is a SAMPA-inspired remapping of the IPA into 7-bit ASCII.

SAMPA was devised as a hack to work around the inability of text encodings to represent IPA symbols. Later, as Unicode support for IPA symbols became more widespread, the necessity for a separate, computer-readable system for representing the IPA in ASCII decreased. However, X-SAMPA is still useful as the basis for an input method for true IPA.

Summary

Notes

The IPA symbols that are ordinary lower case letters have the same value in X-SAMPA as they do in the IPA.
X-SAMPA uses backslashes as modifying suffixes to create new symbols. For example, s is a distinct sound from s\, which are phonologically related in many ways. Such use of the backslash character can be a problem, since many programs interpret it as an escape character for the character following it. For example, such X-SAMPA symbols do not work in EMU, so backslashes must be replaced with some other symbol (e.g., an asterisk: '*') when adding phonemic transcription to an EMU speech database. The backslash has no fixed meaning.
X-SAMPA diacritics follow the symbols they modify. Except for ~ for nasalization, = for syllabicity, and ` for retroflexion and rhotacization, diacritics are joined to the character with the underscore character _.
The underscore character is also used to encode the IPA tiebar: k_p codes for /k͡p/.
The numbers _1 to _6 are reserved diacritics as shorthand for language-specific tone numbers.
The IETF language tags registry has assigned fonxsamp as the subtag for text transcribed in X-SAMPA.

Lower-case symbols

X-SAMPA	IPA	Description	Examples
`a`	a	open front unrounded vowel	French dame `[dam]`
`b`	b	voiced bilabial plosive	English bed `[bEd]`, French bon `[bO~]`
`b_<`	ɓ	voiced bilabial implosive	Sindhi ɓarʊ [`b_<arU`]
`c`	c	voiceless palatal plosive	Hungarian latyak `["lQcQk]`
`d`	d	voiced alveolar plosive	English dig `[dIg]`, French doigt `[dwa]`
d`	ɖ	voiced retroflex plosive	Swedish hord [hu:d`]
`d_<`	ɗ	voiced alveolar implosive	Sindhi ɗarʊ [`d_<arU`]
`e`	e	close-mid front unrounded vowel	French blé `[ble]`
`f`	f	voiceless labiodental fricative	English five `[faIv]`, French femme `[fam]`
`g`	ɡ	voiced velar plosive	English game `[geIm]`, French longue `[lO~g]`
`g_<`	ɠ	voiced velar implosive	Sindhi ɠəro [`g_<@ro`]
`h`	h	voiceless glottal fricative	English house `[haUs]`
`h\`	ɦ	voiced glottal fricative	Czech hrad `[h\rat]`
`i`	i	close front unrounded vowel	English be `[bi:]`, French oui `[wi]`, Spanish si `[si]`
`j`	j	palatal approximant	English yes `[jEs]`, French yeux `[j2]`
`j\`	ʝ	voiced palatal fricative	Greek γειά `[j\a]`
`k`	k	voiceless velar plosive	English skip `[skIp]`, Spanish carro `["karo]`
`l`	l	alveolar lateral approximant	English lay `[leI]`, French mal `[mal]`
l`	ɭ	retroflex lateral approximant	Svealand Swedish sorl [so:l`]
`l\`	ɺ	alveolar lateral flap	Wayuu püülükü `[pM:l\MkM]`
`m`	m	bilabial nasal	English mouse `[maUs]`, French homme `[Om]`
`n`	n	alveolar nasal	English nap `[n{p]`, French non `[nO~]`
n`	ɳ	retroflex nasal	Swedish hörn [h2:n`]
`o`	o	close-mid back rounded vowel	French veau `[vo]`
`p`	p	voiceless bilabial plosive	English speak `[spik]`, French pose `[poz]`, Spanish perro `["pero]`
`p\`	ɸ	voiceless bilabial fricative	Japanese fuku `[p\M_0kM]`
`q`	q	voiceless uvular plosive	Arabic qasbah `["qQs_Gba]`
`r`	r	alveolar trill	Spanish perro `["pero]`
r`	ɽ	retroflex flap	Bengali gari [gar`i:]
`r\`	ɹ	alveolar approximant	English red `[r\Ed]`
r\`	ɻ	retroflex approximant	Malayalam വഴി ["v@r\`i]
`s`	s	voiceless alveolar fricative	English seem `[si:m]`, French session `[sE"sjO~]`
s`	ʂ	voiceless retroflex fricative	Swedish mars [mas`]
`s\`	ɕ	voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative	Polish świerszcz [s\v'ers`ts`]
`t`	t	voiceless alveolar plosive	English stew `[stju:]`, French raté `[Ra"te]`
t`	ʈ	voiceless retroflex plosive	Swedish mört [m2t`]
`u`	u	close back rounded vowel	English boom `[bu:m]`, Spanish su `[su]`
`v`	v	voiced labiodental fricative	English vest `[vEst]`, French voix `[vwa]`
`v\` (or `P`)	ʋ	labiodental approximant	Dutch west `[v\Est]`/`[PEst]`
`w`	w	labial-velar approximant	English west `[wEst]`, French oui `[wi]`
`x`	x	voiceless velar fricative	Scots loch `[lOx]` or `[5Ox]`; German Buch, Dach; Spanish caja, gestión
`x\`	ɧ	voiceless palatal-velar fricative	Swedish sjal `[x\A:l]`
`y`	y	close front rounded vowel	French tu `[ty]` German über `["y:b6]`
`z`	z	voiced alveolar fricative	English zoo `[zu:]`, French azote `[a"zOt]`
z`	ʐ	voiced retroflex fricative	Mandarin Chinese rang [z`aN]
`z\`	ʑ	voiced alveolo-palatal fricative	Polish źrebak `["z\rEbak]`

Upper-case symbols

X-SAMPA	IPA	Description	Example
`A`	ɑ	open back unrounded vowel	English father [`"fA:D@`(`r\`)] (RP and Gen.Am.)
`B`	β	voiced bilabial fricative	Spanish lavar `[la"Ba4]`
`B\`	ʙ	bilabial trill	Medumba mʙʉ `[mB\}_H]`
`C`	ç	voiceless palatal fricative	German ich `[IC]`, English human `["Cjum@n]` (broad transcription uses [`hj`-])
`D`	ð	voiced dental fricative	English then `[DEn]`
`E`	ɛ	open-mid front unrounded vowel	French même `[mE:m]`, English met `[mEt]` (RP and Gen.Am.)
`F`	ɱ	labiodental nasal	English emphasis `["EFf@sIs]` (spoken quickly, otherwise uses [`Emf`-])
`G`	ɣ	voiced velar fricative	Greek γωνία `[Go"nia]`
`G\`	ɢ	voiced uvular plosive	Inuktitut nirivvik `[niG\ivvik]`
`G\_<`	ʛ	voiced uvular implosive	Mam ʛa [`G\_<a`]
`H`	ɥ	labial-palatal approximant	French huit `[Hit]`
`H\`	ʜ	voiceless epiglottal fricative	Agul мехӀ `[mEH\]`
`I`	ɪ	near-close front unrounded vowel	English kit `[kIt]`
`I\`	ᵻ	near-close central unrounded vowel (non-IPA)	Polish ryba `[rI\bA]`
`J`	ɲ	palatal nasal	Spanish año `["aJo]`, English canyon `["k{J@n]` (broad transcription uses [-`nj`-])
`J\`	ɟ	voiced palatal plosive	Hungarian egy `[EJ\]`
`J\_<`	ʄ	voiced palatal implosive	Sindhi ʄaro [`J\_<aro`]
`K`	ɬ	voiceless alveolar lateral fricative	Welsh llaw `[KaU]`
`K\`	ɮ	voiced alveolar lateral fricative	Mongolian долоо `[tOK\O:]`
`L`	ʎ	palatal lateral approximant	Italian famiglia `[fa"miLLa]`, Castilian: llamar `[La"mar]`
`L\`	ʟ	velar lateral approximant	Korean 달구지 `[t6L\gudz\i]`
`M`	ɯ	close back unrounded vowel	Korean 음식 `[M:ms\_hik_}]`
`M\`	ɰ	velar approximant	Spanish fuego `["fweM\o]`
`N`	ŋ	velar nasal	English thing `[TIN]`
`N\`	ɴ	uvular nasal	Japanese さん san `[saN\]`
`O`	ɔ	open-mid back rounded vowel	American English off `[O:f]`
`O\`	ʘ	bilabial click
`P` (or `v\`)	ʋ	labiodental approximant	Dutch west `[PEst]`/`[v\Est]`, allophone of English phoneme `/r\/`
`Q`	ɒ	open back rounded vowel	RP lot `[lQt]`
`R`	ʁ	voiced uvular fricative	German rein `[RaIn]`
`R\`	ʀ	uvular trill	French roi `[R\wa]`
`S`	ʃ	voiceless postalveolar fricative	English ship `[SIp]`
`T`	θ	voiceless dental fricative	English thin `[TIn]`
`U`	ʊ	near-close back rounded vowel	English foot `[fUt]`
`U\`	ᵿ	near-close central rounded vowel (non-IPA)	English euphoria `[jU\"fO@r\i@]`
`V`	ʌ	open-mid back unrounded vowel	Scottish English strut `[str\Vt]`
`W`	ʍ	voiceless labial-velar fricative	Scots when `[WEn]`
`X`	χ	voiceless uvular fricative	Klallam sχaʔqʷaʔ `[sXa?q_wa?]`
`X\`	ħ	voiceless pharyngeal fricative	Arabic ح ḥāʾ `[X\A:]`
`Y`	ʏ	near-close front rounded vowel	German hübsch `[hYpS]`
`Z`	ʒ	voiced postalveolar fricative	English vision `["vIZ@n]`

Other symbols

X-SAMPA	IPA	Description	Example
`.`	.	syllable break
`"`	ˈ	primary stress
`%`	ˌ	secondary stress	American English pronunciation `[pr\@%nVn.si"eI.S@n]`
`'` (or `_j`)	ʲ	palatalized	Russian Земля (Earth) `[z'I"ml'a]` or `[z_jI"ml_ja]`
`:`	ː	long
`:\`	ˑ	half long	Estonian differentiates three vowel lengths
`-`		separator	Polish trzy `[t-S1]` vs. czy `[tS1]` (affricate)
`@`	ə	schwa	English arena `[@"r\i:n@]`
`@\`	ɘ	close-mid central unrounded vowel	Chuvash пӗррехинче `[p@\rrEXints\E]`
@`	ɚ	r-coloured schwa	American English color ["kVl@`]
`{`	æ	near-open front unrounded vowel	English trap `[tr\{p]`
`}`	ʉ	close central rounded vowel	Swedish sju `[x\}:]`; AuE/NZE boot `[b}:t]`
`1`	ɨ	close central unrounded vowel	Welsh tu `[t1]`, American English rose's `["r\oUz1z]`
`2`	ø	close-mid front rounded vowel	Danish købe `["k2:b@]`, French deux `[d2]`
`3`	ɜ	open-mid central unrounded vowel	English nurse `[n3:s]` (RP) or [n3`s] (Gen.Am.)
`3\`	ɞ	open-mid central rounded vowel	Irish tomhail `[t3\:l']`
`4`	ɾ	alveolar flap	Spanish pero `["pe4o]`, American English better ["bE4@`]
`5`	ɫ	velarized alveolar lateral approximant; also see `_e`	English milk `[mI5k]`, Portuguese livro `["5iv4u]`
`6`	ɐ	near-open central vowel	German besser `["bEs6]`, Australian English mud `[m6d]`
`7`	ɤ	close-mid back unrounded vowel	Estonian kõik `[k7ik]`, Vietnamese mơ `[m7_M]`
`8`	ɵ	close-mid central rounded vowel	Swedish buss `[b8s]`
`9`	œ	open-mid front rounded vowel	French neuf `[n9f]`, Danish drømme `[dR9m@]`
`&`	ɶ	open front rounded vowel	Swedish skörd [x\&d`]
`?`	ʔ	glottal stop	Cockney English bottle `["bQ?o]`
`?\`	ʕ	voiced pharyngeal fricative	Arabic ع ʿayn `[?\Ajn]`
`*`		undefined escape character, SAMPA's "conjunctor"
`/`	/	(a) French vowel archiphonemes or indeterminacies (b) delimiter of phonemic transcriptions	maison `/mE/zO~/`
`<`	⟨	begin nonsegmental notation, e.g., SAMPROSA
`<\`	ʢ	voiced epiglottal fricative	Siwi arˤbˤəʢa (four) `[ar_?\b_?\@<\a]`
`>`	⟩	end nonsegmental notation
`>\`	ʡ	epiglottal plosive	Archi гӀарз (complaint) `[>\arz]`
`^`	ꜛ	upstep
`!`	ꜜ	downstep
`!\`	ǃ	postalveolar click	Zulu iqaqa (polecat) `[i:!\a:!\a]`
`\|`	\|	minor (foot) group
`\|\`	ǀ	dental click	Zulu icici (earring) `[i:\|\i:\|\i]`
`\|\|`	‖	major (intonation) group
`\|\\|\`	ǁ	alveolar lateral click	Zulu xoxa (to converse) `[\|\\|\O:\|\\|\a]`
`=\`	ǂ	palatal click	Taa ǂnûm `[=\~u_Fm]`
`-\`	‿	linking mark

Diacritics

X-SAMPA	IPA	Description
`_"`	̈	centralized
`_+`	̟	advanced
`_-`	̠	retracted
`_/`	̌	rising tone
`_R`
`_0`	̥	voiceless
`_<`		implosive (IPA uses separate symbols for implosives)
`=` (or `_=`)	̩	syllabic
`_>`	ʼ	ejective
`_?\`	ˤ	pharyngealized
`_\`	̂	falling tone
`_F`
`_^`	̯	non-syllabic
`_}`	̚	no audible release
`	˞	rhotacization in vowels, retroflexion in consonants (IPA uses separate symbols for consonants, see t` for an example)
`~` (or `_~`)	̃	nasalization
`_A`	̘	advanced tongue root
`_a`	̺	apical
`_B`	̏	extra low tone
`_B_L`	᷅	low rising tone
`_c`	̜	less rounded
`_d`	̪	dental
`_e`	̴	velarized or pharyngealized; also see `5`
`_f`	↘	global fall
`_G`	ˠ	velarized
`_H`	́	high tone
`_H_T`	᷄	high rising tone
`_h`	ʰ	aspirated
`_j` (or `'`)	ʲ	palatalized
`_k`	̰	creaky voice
`_L`	̀	low tone
`_l`	ˡ	lateral release
`_M`	̄	mid tone
`_m`	̻	laminal
`_N`	̼	linguolabial
`_n`	ⁿ	nasal release
`_O`	̹	more rounded
`_o`	̞	lowered
`_q`	̙	retracted tongue root
`_r`	↗	global rise
`_R_F`	᷈	rising falling tone
`_r`	̝	raised
`_T`	̋	extra high tone
`_t`	̤	breathy voice
`_v`	̬	voiced
`_w`	ʷ	labialized
`_X`	̆	extra-short
`_x`	̽	mid-centralized

Charts

Consonants

Consonants (pulmonic)
Place of articulation →	Labial	Coronal	Dorsal	Laryngeal
Manner of articulation ↓	Bilabial	Labio‐ dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post‐ alveolar	Retro‐ flex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyn‐ geal	Epi‐ glottal	Glottal
Nasal	`m`	`F`	`n`	n`	`J`	`N`	`N\`
Plosive	`p` `b`	`p_d` `b_d`	`t` `d`	t` d`	`c` `J\`	`k` `g`	`q` `G\`		`>\`	`?`
Fricative	`p\` `B`	`f` `v`	`T` `D`	`s` `z`	`S` `Z`	s` z`	`C` `j\`	`x` `G`	`X`	`R`	`X\`	`?\`	`H\`	`<\`	`h` `h\`
Approximant	`B_o`	`v\`	`r\`	r\`	`j`	`M\`
Trill	`B\`		`r`	*			`R\`		*
Tap or Flap	*†	*†	`4`	r`					*
Lateral Fricative		`K` `K\`	*	*	*
Lateral Approximant		`l`	l`	`L`	`L\`
Lateral Flap		`l\`	*	*	*

Asterisks (*) mark sounds that do not have X-SAMPA symbols. Daggers (†) mark IPA symbols that have recently been added to Unicode. Since April 2008, the latter is the case of the labiodental flap, symbolized by a right-hook v in the IPA: . A convention for the labiodental flap does not yet exist in X-SAMPA.

Coarticulated
`W`	Voiceless labialized velar approximant
`w`	Voiced labialized velar approximant
`H`	Voiced labialized palatal approximant
`s\`	Voiceless palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative
`z\`	Voiced palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative
`x\`	Voiceless "palatal-velar" fricative

Affricates and double articulation
`ts`	voiceless alveolar affricate
`dz`	voiced alveolar affricate
`tS`	voiceless postalveolar affricate
`dZ`	voiced postalveolar affricate
`ts\`	voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate
`dz\`	voiced alveolo-palatal affricate
`tK`	voiceless alveolar lateral affricate
`dK\`	voiced alveolar lateral affricate
`kp`	voiceless labial-velar plosive
`gb`	voiced labial-velar plosive
`Nm`	labial-velar nasal stop

Consonants (non-pulmonic)
Clicks	Implosives	Ejectives
`O\`	Bilabial	`b_<`	Bilabial	`_>`	For example:
`\|\`	Laminal alveolar ("dental")	`d_<`	Alveolar	`p_>`	Bilabial
`!\`	Apical (post-) alveolar ("retroflex")	`J\_<`	Palatal	`t_>`	Alveolar
`=\`	Laminal postalveolar ("palatal")	`g_<`	Velar	`k_>`	Velar
`\|\\|\`	Lateral coronal ("lateral")	`G\_<`	Uvular	`s_>`	Alveolar fricative

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	`i` • `y` `1` • `}` `M` • `u` `I` • `Y` `I\` • `U\` • `U` `e` • `2` `@\` • `8` `7` • `o` `e_o` • `2_o` `@` • `o_o` `E` • `9` `3` • `3\` `V` • `O` `{` • `6` `a` • `&` `a_"` `A` • `Q`
`i` • `y` `1` • `}` `M` • `u` `I` • `Y` `I\` • `U\` • `U` `e` • `2` `@\` • `8` `7` • `o` `e_o` • `2_o` `@` • `o_o` `E` • `9` `3` • `3\` `V` • `O` `{` • `6` `a` • `&` `a_"` `A` • `Q`
Near‑close
Close‑mid
Mid
Open‑mid
Near‑open
Open

External links

2011-07-09 at the Wayback Machine
Produces Unicode text, XML text, PostScript, PDF, or LaTeX TIPA.
, a backward-compatible extension of X-SAMPA sometimes used for conlangs