Orders of magnitude (mass)

To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following lists describe various mass levels between 10−67 kilograms (kg) and 1052 kg. The least massive thing listed here is a graviton, and the most massive thing is the observable universe. Typically, an object having greater mass will also have greater weight (see mass versus weight), especially if the objects are subject to the same gravitational field strength.

Units of mass

SI multiples of gram (g)
Submultiples	Multiples
Value	SI symbol	Name	Value	SI symbol	Name
10−1g	dg	decigram	101g	dag	decagram
10−2g	cg	centigram	102g	hg	hectogram
10−3g	mg	milligram	103g	kg	kilogram
10−6g	μg	microgram (mcg)	106g	Mg	megagram (tonne)
10−9g	ng	nanogram	109g	Gg	gigagram
10−12g	pg	picogram	1012g	Tg	teragram
10−15g	fg	femtogram	1015g	Pg	petagram
10−18g	ag	attogram	1018g	Eg	exagram
10−21g	zg	zeptogram	1021g	Zg	zettagram
10−24g	yg	yoctogram	1024g	Yg	yottagram
10−27g	rg	rontogram	1027g	Rg	ronnagram
10−30g	qg	quectogram	1030g	Qg	quettagram
Common prefixes are in bold face.

The table above is based on the kilogram, the base unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI). The kilogram is the only standard unit to include an SI prefix (kilo-) as part of its name. The gram (10−3 kg) is an SI derived unit of mass. However, the names of all SI mass units are based on gram, rather than on kilogram; thus 103 kg is a megagram (106g), not a *kilokilogram.

The tonne (t) is an SI-compatible unit of mass equal to a megagram (Mg), or 103kg. The unit is in common use for masses above about 103kg and is often used with SI prefixes. For example, a gigagram (Gg) or 109g is 103tonnes, commonly called a kilotonne.

Other units

Other units of mass are also in use. Historical units include the stone, the pound, the carat, and the grain.

For subatomic particles, physicists use the mass-equivalent of an electronvolt (eV). At the atomic level, chemists use the mass of one-twelfth of a carbon-12 atom (the dalton). Astronomers use the mass of the sun (M☉).

The least massive things: below 10 − 24 kg

Unlike other physical quantities, mass–energy does not have an a priori expected minimal quantity, or an observed basic quantum as in the case of electric charge. Planck's law allows for the existence of photons with arbitrarily low energies. Consequently, there can only ever be an experimental upper bound on the mass of a supposedly massless particle; in the case of the photon, this confirmed upper bound is of the order of 3×10−27eV/c2 = 10−62kg.

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
10−67	1.07×10−67 kg	Graviton, upper bound (6×10−32 eV/c2)
10−40	4.2×10−40 kg	Mass equivalent of the energy of a photon at the peak of the spectrum of the cosmic microwave background radiation (0.235 meV/c2)
10−36	1.8×10−36 kg	1 eV/c2, the mass equivalent of one electronvolt
3.6×10−36 kg	Electron neutrino, upper limit on mass (2 eV/c2)
10−33 quectogram(qg)
10−31	9.11×10−31 kg	Electron (511 keV/c2), the least massive elementary particle with a measured nonzero rest mass
10−30 rontogram(rg)	3.0–5.5×10−30 kg	Up quark (as a current quark), the least massive quark (1.7–3.1 MeV/c2)
10−28	1.9×10−28 kg	Muon (106 MeV/c2)
10−27 yoctogram(yg)	1.661×10−27 kg	Dalton (Da), a.k.a. unified atomic mass unit (u)
1.673×10−27 kg	Proton (938.3 MeV/c2)
1.674×10−27 kg	Hydrogen atom, the lightest atom
1.675×10−27 kg	Neutron (939.6 MeV/c2)
3.168×10−27 kg	Tau (1.78 GeV/c2), the most massive lepton
10−26	1.2×10−26 kg	Lithium atom (6.941 Da)
3.0×10−26 kg	Water molecule (18.015 Da)
8.0×10−26 kg	Titanium atom (47.867 Da)
10−25	1.1×10−25 kg	Copper atom (63.546 Da)
1.6×10−25 kg	Z boson (91.2 GeV/c2)
2.2×10−25 kg	Higgs boson (125 GeV/c2)
3.1×10−25 kg	Top quark (173 GeV/c2), the most massive known elementary particle
3.2×10−25 kg	Caffeine molecule (194 Da)
3.5×10−25 kg	Lead-208 atom
4.9×10−25 kg	Oganesson-294 atom, the heaviest known nuclide

10 −24 to 10 −18 kg

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
10−24 zeptogram(zg)	1.2×10−24 kg	Buckyball molecule (720 Da)
10−23	1.4×10−23 kg	Ubiquitin, a small ubiquitous protein (8.6 kDa)
5.5×10−23 kg	A typical protein (median size of roughly 300 amino acids ≈ 33 kDa)
10−22	1.1×10−22 kg	Haemoglobin A molecule in blood (64.5 kDa)
10−21 attogram(ag)	1.65×10−21 kg	Double-stranded DNA molecule consisting of 1,578 base pairs (995 kDa)
4.3×10−21 kg	Prokaryotic ribosome (2.6 MDa)
7.1×10−21 kg	Eukaryotic ribosome (4.3 MDa)
7.6×10−21 kg	Brome mosaic virus, a small virus (4.6 MDa)
10−20	3×10−20 kg	Synaptic vesicle in rats (16.1 ± 3.8 MDa)
6.8×10−20 kg	Tobacco mosaic virus (41 MDa)
10−19	1.1×10−19 kg	Nuclear pore complex in yeast (66 MDa)
2.5×10−19 kg	Human adenovirus (150 MDa)

10 −18 to 10 −12 kg

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
10−18 femtogram(fg)	1×10−18 kg	HIV-1 virus
4.7×10−18 kg	DNA sequence of length 4.6 Mbp, the weight of the E. coli genome
10−17	~1×10−17 kg	Vaccinia virus, a large virus
1.1×10−17 kg	Mass equivalent of 1 joule
10−16	3×10−16 kg	Prochlorococcus cyanobacteria, the smallest (and possibly most plentiful) photosynthetic organism on Earth
10−15 picogram(pg)	1×10−15 kg	E. coli bacterium (wet weight)
6×10−15 kg	DNA in a typical diploid human cell (approximate)
10−14	2.2×10−14 kg	Human sperm cell
6×10−14 kg	Yeast cell (quite variable)
10−13	1.5×10−13 kg	Dunaliella salina, a green alga (dry weight)

10 −12 to 10 −6 kg

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
10−12 nanogram(ng)	1×10−12 kg	Average human cell (1 nanogram)
2–3×10−12 kg	HeLa human cell
8×10−12 kg	Grain of birch pollen
10−11
10−10	2.5×10−10 kg	Grain of maize pollen
3.5×10−10 kg	Very fine grain of sand (0.063mm diameter, 350 nanograms)
10−9 microgram(μg)	3.6×10−9 kg	Human ovum
2.4×10−9 kg	US RDA for vitamin B12 for adults
10−8	10−8kg	Speculated approximate lower limit of the mass of a primordial black hole
1.5×10−8kg	US RDA for vitamin D for adults
~2×10−8 kg	Uncertainty in the mass of the International Prototype of the Kilogram (IPK) (±~20μg)
2.2×10−8 kg	Planck mass, can be expressed as the mass of a 2 Planck Length radius black hole
~7×10−8 kg	One eyelash hair (approximate)
10−7	1.5×10−7 kg	US RDA for iodine for adults
2–3×10−7 kg	Fruit fly (dry weight)

10 −6 to 1 kg

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
10−6 milligram(mg)	2.5×10−6 kg	Mosquitoes, common smaller species (about 2.5 milligrams), grain of salt or sand, medicines are typically expressed in milligrams
10−5 centigram(cg)	1.1×10−5 kg	Small granule of quartz (2mm diameter, 11 milligrams)
2×10−5 kg	Adult housefly (Musca domestica, 21.4 milligrams)
10−4 decigram(dg)	0.27–2.0×10−4 kg	Range of amounts of caffeine in one cup of coffee (27–200 milligrams)
1.5×10−4 kg	A frame of 35mm motion picture film (157 milligrams)
2×10−4 kg	Metric carat (200 milligrams)
10−3 gram(g)	1×10−3 kg	One cubic centimeter of water (1 gram)
1×10−3 kg	US dollar bill (1gram)
~1×10−3 kg	Two raisins (approximately 1gram)
~8×10−3 kg	Coins of one euro (7.5 grams), one US dollar (8.1 grams) and one Canadian loonie (7 grams [pre-2012], 6.27 grams [2012-])
10−2 decagram(dag)	1.2×10−2 kg	Mass of one mole (6.02214×1023 atoms) of carbon-12 (12 grams)
1.37×10−2 kg	Amount of ethanol defined as one standard drink in the US (13.7 grams)
2–4×10−2 kg	Adult mouse (Mus musculus, 20–40 grams)
2.8×10−2 kg	Ounce (avoirdupois) (28.3495 grams)
4.7×10−2 kg	Mass equivalent of the energy that is 1 megaton of TNT equivalent
10−1 hectogram (hg)	0.1-0.2kg	An orange (100–200grams)
0.142-0.149kg	A baseball used in the major league.
0.454kg	Pound (avoirdupois) (453.6 grams)
0.9kg	Microraptor, a small, four-winged dinosaur

1 kg to 10 5 kg

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
1kg kilogram(kg)	1kg	One litre (0.001 m3) of water
1–3kg	Smallest breed of dog (Chihuahua)
1–3kg	Typical laptop computer, 2010
1–3kg	Adult domestic tortoise
2.5–4kg	Newborn human baby
4.0kg	Women's shot
4–5kg	Housecat
7.26kg	Men's shot
101	9–27kg	Medium-sized dog
31.5kg	Average weight of a CRT television from 2007
50kg	Large dog breed (Great Dane)
70kg	Adult human
102	130–180kg	Mature lion, female (130kg) and male (180kg)
200–250kg	Giant tortoise
240–450kg	Grand piano
400–900kg	Dairy cow
500–500,000kg	A teaspoon (5 ml) of white dwarf material (0.5–500 tonnes)
635kg	Heaviest human in recorded history (Jon Brower Minnoch)
907.2kg	1 short ton (2,000 pounds - US)
103 megagram(Mg)	1000kg	1 tonne (US spelling: metric ton)
1000kg	1 cubic metre of water
1016.05kg	Ton (British) / 1 long ton (2,240 pounds - US)
1300–1600kg	Typical passenger cars
2700–6000kg	Adult elephant
104	1.1×104 kg	Hubble Space Telescope (11 tonnes)
1.2×104 kg	Largest elephant on record (12 tonnes)
1.4×104 kg	Big Ben (bell) (14 tonnes)
2.7×104 kg	ENIAC computer, 1946 (30 tonnes)
4×104 kg	Maximum gross mass (truck + load combined) of a semi-trailer truck in the EU (40–44 tonnes)
5×104–6×104 kg	Tank; Bulldozer (50–60 tonnes)
6.0×104 kg	Largest single-piece meteorite, Hoba West Meteorite (60 tonnes)
7.3×104 kg	Largest dinosaur, Argentinosaurus (73 tonnes)
105	1.74-1.83×105 kg	Operational empty weight of a Boeing 747-300
1.8×105 kg	Largest animal ever, a blue whale (180 tonnes)
4.2×105 kg	International Space Station (417 tonnes)
6×105 kg	World's heaviest aircraft: Antonov An-225 (maximum take-off mass: 600 tonnes, payload: 250 tonnes)

10 6 to 10 11 kg

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
106 gigagram(Gg)	1×106 kg	Trunk of the giant sequoia tree named General Sherman, largest living tree by trunk volume (1,121 tonnes)
2.0×106 kg	Launch mass of the Space Shuttle (2,041 tonnes)
6×106 kg	Largest clonal colony, the quaking aspen named Pando (largest living organism) (6,000 tonnes)
7.8×106 kg	Virginia-class nuclear submarine (submerged weight)
107	1×107 kg	Annual production of Darjeeling tea
5.2×107 kg	RMS Titanic when fully loaded (52,000 tonnes)
9.97×107 kg	Heaviest train ever: Australia's BHP Iron Ore, 2001 record (99,700 tonnes)
108	6.6×108 kg	Largest ship and largest mobile man-made object, Seawise Giant, when fully loaded (660,000 tonnes)
7×108 kg	Heaviest (non-pyramid) building, Palace of the Parliament in Bucharest, Romania
109 teragram(Tg)	4.3×109 kg	Amount of matter converted into energy by the Sun each second
6×109 kg	Great Pyramid of Giza
1010	6×1010 kg	Amount of concrete in the Three Gorges Dam, the world's largest concrete structure
1011	~1×1011 kg	The mass of a primordial black hole with an evaporation time equal to the age of the universe
2×1011 kg	Amount of water stored in London storage reservoirs (0.2km3)
6×1011 kg	Total mass of the world's human population
5×1011 kg	Total biomass of Antarctic krill, one of the most plentiful animal species on the planet in terms of biomass

10 12 to 10 17 kg

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
1012 petagram(Pg)	0.8–2.1×1012 kg	Global biomass of fish
4×1012 kg	Global annual human food production
4×1012 kg	World crude oil production in 2009 (3,843 Mt)
5.5×1012 kg	A teaspoon (5 ml) of neutron star material (5,000 million tonnes)
1013	1×1013 kg	Mass of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
4×1013 kg	Global annual human carbon dioxide emission
1014	1.05×1014 kg	Global net primary production – the total mass of carbon fixed in organic compounds by photosynthesis each year on Earth
7.2×1014 kg	Total carbon stored in Earth's atmosphere
1015 exagram(Eg)	2.0×1015 kg	Total carbon stored in the terrestrial biosphere
3.5×1015 kg	Total carbon stored in coal deposits worldwide
1016	1×1016 kg	951 Gaspra, the first asteroid ever to be closely approached by a spacecraft (rough estimate)
1×1016 kg	Rough estimate of the total carbon content of all organisms on Earth.
3×1016 kg	Rough estimate of everything produced by the human species.
3.8×1016 kg	Total carbon stored in the oceans.
1017	1.6×1017 kg	Prometheus, a shepherd satellite for the inner edge of Saturn's F Ring

10 18 to 10 23 kg

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
1018 zettagram(Zg)	5.1×1018 kg	Earth's atmosphere
5.6×1018 kg	Hyperion, a moon of Saturn
1019	3×1019 kg	3 Juno, one of the larger asteroids in the asteroid belt
3×1019 kg	The rings of Saturn
1020	9.4×1020 kg	Ceres, dwarf planet within the asteroid belt
1021 yottagram(Yg)	1.4×1021 kg	Earth's oceans
1.5×1021 kg	Charon, the largest moon of Pluto
2.9–3.7×1021 kg	The asteroid belt
4×1021 kg	Haumea
1022	1.3×1022 kg	Pluto
2.1×1022 kg	Triton, largest moon of Neptune
2.7×1022 kg	Earth's crust
7.3×1022 kg	Earth's Moon
1023	1.3×1023 kg	Titan, largest moon of Saturn
1.5×1023 kg	Ganymede, largest moon of Jupiter
3.3×1023 kg	Mercury
6.4×1023 kg	Mars

10 24 to 10 29 kg

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
1024 ronnagram(Rg)	4.9×1024 kg	Venus
6.0×1024 kg	Earth
1025	3×1025 kg	Oort cloud
8.7×1025 kg	Uranus
1026	1.0×1026 kg	Neptune
5.7×1026 kg	Saturn
1027 quettagram(Qg)	1.9×1027 kg	Jupiter
1028	2–14×1028 kg	Brown dwarfs (approximate)
1029	3×1029 kg	Barnard's Star, a nearby red dwarf

10 30 to 10 35 kg

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
1030	2×1030 kg	The Sun (one solar mass or M☉ = 1.989×1030 kg)
2.8×1030 kg	Chandrasekhar limit (1.4M☉)
1031	4×1031 kg	Betelgeuse, a red supergiant star (20M☉)
1032	4–7×1032 kg	R136a1, the most massive of known stars (230 to 345 M☉)
6–8×1032 kg	Hyades star cluster (300 to 400 M☉)
1033	1.6×1033 kg	Pleiades star cluster (800M☉)
1034
1035	~1035 kg	Typical globular cluster in the Milky Way (overall range: 3×103 to 4×106 M☉)
2×1035 kg	Low end of mass range for giant molecular clouds (1×105 to 1×107 M☉)
7.3×1035 kg	Jeans mass of a giant molecular cloud at 100K and density 30 atoms per cubic centimeter; possible example: Orion molecular cloud complex

10 36 to 10 41 kg

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
1036	1.79×1036 kg	The entire Carina complex.
2.4×1036 kg	The Gould Belt of stars, including the Sun (1.2×106M☉)
7–8×1036 kg	The supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, associated with the radio source Sagittarius A* (3.7±0.2×106M☉)
8×1036 kg	Omega centauri, the largest globular cluster in the Milky Way, containing approximately 10 million stars.
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041	1.98×1041 kg	Phoenix A, the largest supermassive black hole, weighing 100 billion solar masses (1×1011M☉)
4×1041 kg	Visible mass of the Milky Way galaxy

The most massive things: 10 42 kg and greater

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
1042	1.2×1042 kg	Milky Way galaxy (5.8×1011M☉)
2–3×1042 kg	Local Group of galaxies, including the Milky Way (1.29±0.14×1012M☉)
1043	5.37×1043 kg	ESO 146-5, the heaviest known galaxy in the universe
1044
1045	1–2×1045 kg	Local or Virgo Supercluster of galaxies, including the Local Group (1×1015M☉)
1046
1047	2×1047 kg	Laniakea Supercluster of galaxies, which encompasses the Virgo supercluster
1048	2×1048 kg	Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex, a galaxy filament that includes the Laniakea Supercluster.
1049	4×1049 kg	Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall, the largest structure in the known universe
1050
1051
1052	4.4506×1052 kg	Mass of the observable universe as estimated by NASA
1.4×1053 kg	Mass of the observable universe as estimated by the US National Solar Observatory