Graphium (butterfly)

Graphium is a genus of mostly tropical swallowtail butterflies commonly known as swordtails, kite swallowtails, or ladies. Native to Eurasia, Africa, and Oceania, the genus is represented by over 100 species. Their colouration is as variable as the habitats they frequent; from rainforest to savannah. Some possess tails which may be long and swordlike, while others lack any hindwing extensions. Graphium species are often sighted at mud puddles.

The more colourful species are popular with collectors and are commonly seen mounted in frames for sale. Well-known species include the tailed jay (Graphium agamemnon), common bluebottle (G. sarpedon), and the purple-spotted swallowtail (G. weiskei). One species, G. idaeoides, is notable for being a perfect mimic of the danainid Idea leuconoe.

Larvae feed variously on Annonaceae (most commonly), Magnoliaceae (commonly), Lauraceae (commonly), Rutaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Bombacaceae, Piperaceae, Anacardiaceae, Apocynaceae, Malpighiaceae, Hernandiaceae, Guttiferae, Monimiaceae, Pandanaceae, Winteraceae, and Euphorbiaceae.

Note that there is a genus of fungi also called Graphium.

Species

Listed alphabetically:

subgenus: Graphium Scopoli, 1777

species group: codrus Graphium anthedon (C. & R. Felder, 1864) – Wallacea bluebottle Graphium choredon (C. & R. Felder, 1864) – Graphium cloanthus (Westwood, 1841) – glassy bluebottle Graphium codrus (Cramer, [1777]) – eastern olive triangle Graphium empedocles (Fabricius, 1787), originally Papilio empedocles Fabricius, 1787; Mantissa Insectorum 2: 10, no. 94 = homonym of Papilio empedocles Cramer, 1779; replaced by empedovana Corbet, 1941. Graphium empedovana (Corbet, 1941) Graphium gelon (Boisduval, 1859) Graphium isander (Godman & Salvin, 1888) Graphium jugans (Rothschild, 1896) Graphium kosii Müller & Tennent, 1999 Graphium macleayanus (Leach, 1814) – Macleay's swallowtail Graphium mendana (Godman & Salvin, 1888) Graphium milon (C. & R. Felder, 1865) – Graphium monticolus (Fruhstorfer, 1896) – Sulawesi blue triangle ?Graphium protensor (Gistel,1857) Papilio protensor Gistel, J.,1857 Achthundert und zwanzig neue oder unbeschriebene wirbellose Theire charakterisirt von Doctor Johannes Gistel Vacuna 2(2):513-606. synonym of Graphium sarpedon Graphium sarpedon (Linnaeus, 1758) – common bluebottle or blue triangle Graphium septentrionicolus Page & Treadaway, 2013 – Graphium stresemanni (Rothschild, 1916) Graphium teredon (C. & R. Felder, 1865) Graphium weiskei (Ribbe, 1900) – purple spotted swallowtail

species group: eurypylus Graphium albociliatus (Fruhstorfer, 1901) – India (Assam), Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, China (Yunnan) [Note in some schemes a subspecies, i.e. Graphium evemon albociliatus (Fruhstorfer, 1901) Graphium agamemnon (Linnaeus, 1758) – tailed jay or green-spotted triangle Graphium arycles (Boisduval, 1836) – spotted jay Graphium bathycles (Zinken, 1831) Graphium chironides (Honrath, 1884) – veined jay Graphium doson (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1864) – common jay Graphium eurypylus (Linnaeus, 1758) – great jay or pale green triangle Graphium evemon (Boisduval, 1836) – lesser jay Graphium leechi (Rothschild, 1895) Graphium macfarlanei (Butler, 1877) – green triangle butterfly or green triangle Graphium meeki (Rothschild & Jordan, 1901) – Meek's graphium Graphium meyeri (Hopffer, 1874) Graphium procles (Grose-Smith, 1887)

species group: wallacei Graphium browni (Godman & Salvin, 1879) Graphium hicetaon (Mathew, 1886) Graphium sandawanum Yamamoto, 1977 – Apo swallowtail Graphium wallacei (Hewitson, 1858)

subgenus: Arisbe Hübner, [1819]

species group: antheus Graphium antheus (Cramer, [1779]) – large striped swordtail Graphium evombar (Boisduval, 1836)

species group: policenes Graphium biokoensis Gauthier, 1984 – Gauthier's striped swordtail Graphium colonna (Ward, 1873) – black swordtail or mamba swordtail Graphium gudenusi (Rebel, 1911) Graphium illyris (Hewitson, 1872) - cream-banded swordtail Graphium junodi (Trimen, 1893) – Junod's swordtail Graphium kirbyi (Hewitson, 1872) – Kirby's swordtail Graphium liponesco (Suffert, 1904) Graphium policenes (Cramer, [1775]) – small striped swordtail or common swordtail Graphium policenoides (Holland, 1892) Graphium polistratus (Grose-Smith, 1889) – dancing swordtail Graphium porthaon (Hewitson, 1865) – coastal swordtail, cream-striped swordtail, or dark swordtail

species group: angolanus Graphium angolanus (Goeze, 1779) – Angola white lady (swordtail) Graphium endochus (Boisduval, 1836) Graphium morania (Angas, 1849) – white lady (swallowtail) or small white-lady swordtail Graphium ridleyanus (White, 1843) - acraea swordtail Graphium schaffgotschi (Niepelt, 1927) – Schaffgotsch's swordtail Graphium taboranus (Oberthür, 1886)

species group: leonidas Graphium cyrnus (Boisduval, 1836) Graphium leonidas (Fabricius, 1793) – veined swordtail, veined swallowtail, or common graphium Graphium levassori Oberthür, 1890

species group: tynderaeus Graphium tynderaeus (Fabricius, 1793) – electric green swordtail or green-spotted swallowtail Graphium latreillianus (Godart, 1819) – coppery swordtail

species group: philonoe Graphium philonoe (Ward, 1873) – eastern white-lady swordtail, eastern graphium, white-dappled swallowtail

species group: adamastor Graphium abri Smith & Vane-Wright, 2001 Graphium adamastor (Boisduval, 1836) – Boisduval's white-lady Graphium agamedes (Westwood, 1842) – Westwood's white-lady or glassy graphium Graphium almansor (Honrath, 1884) – Almansor white-lady swordtail or Honrath's white-lady Graphium auriger (Butler, 1876) Graphium aurivilliusi (Seeldrayers, 1896) Graphium fulleri (Grose-Smith, 1883) Graphium hachei (Dewitz, 1881) Graphium kigoma Carcasson, 1964 Graphium olbrechtsi Berger, 1950 Graphium poggianus (Honrath, 1884) Graphium rileyi Berger, 1950 - Riley's graphium Graphium schubotzi (Schultze, 1913) Graphium simoni (Aurivillius, 1899) Graphium ucalegon (Hewitson, 1865) – creamy graphium Graphium ucalegonides (Staudinger, 1884)

subgenus: Pathysa Reakirt, 1865 (See also species group: antiphates)

Graphium agetes (Westwood, 1841) – fourbar swordtail Graphium androcles (Boisduval, 1836) – lion swordtail, giant swordtail Graphium antiphates (Cramer, [1775]) – fivebar swordtail Graphium aristeus (Stoll, [1780]) – chain swordtail Graphium delessertii (Guérin-Méneville, 1839) – Malayan zebra Graphium decolor (Staudinger, 1888) Graphium deucalion (Boisduval, 1836) – yellow zebra Graphium dorcus (de Haan, 1840) – Tabitha's swordtail Graphium ebertorum Koçak, 1983 Graphium encelades (Boisduval, 1836) Graphium epaminondas (Oberthür, 1879) Graphium euphrates (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862) – Euphrates swordtail Graphium euphratoides (Eimer, 1889) Graphium idaeoides (Hewitson, 1853) Graphium macareus (Godart, 1819) – lesser zebra (for Graphium megaera (Staudinger, 1888) see Graphium ebertorum Koçak, 1983) Graphium megarus (Westwood, 1844) – spotted zebra

Graphium nomius (Esper, 1799) – spot swordtail Graphium phidias (Oberthür, 1906) Graphium ramaceus (Westwood, 1872) Graphium rhesus (Boisduval, 1836) – monkey swordtail Graphium stratiotes (Grose-Smith, 1887) Graphium stratocles (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861) Graphium thule (Wallace, 1865) Graphium xenocles (Doubleday, 1842) – great zebra

subgenus: Paranticopsis Wood-Mason & de Nicéville, 1887 See Pathysa Reakirt, 1865

subgenus: Pazala Moore, 1888

Graphium alebion (Gray, [1853]) Graphium eurous (Leech, [1893]) – sixbar swordtail Graphium glycerion (Gray, 1831) – spectacle swordtail Graphium incerta Bang-Haas, 1927 Graphium mandarinus (Oberthür, 1879) – spectacle swordtail Graphium mullah (Alphéraky 1897)::* Graphium tamerlana (Oberthür, 1876) Graphium timur (Ney, 1911) synonymised with Graphium mullah by Cotton and Racheli, T., 2007 Graphium wenlingae Hu, Condamine, Monastyrskii & Cotton, 2019

External links

(broadly subgenera Pazala and Arisbe) Natural History Museum.
. Insecta.pro.