List of Solar System probes

This is a list of space probes that have left Earth orbit (or were launched with that intention but failed), organized by their planned destination. It includes planetary probes, solar probes, and probes to asteroids and comets. Flybys (such as gravity assists) that were incidental to the main purpose of the mission are also included.

Excluded are lunar missions, which are listed separately at List of lunar probes and List of Apollo missions. Flybys of Earth are listed separately at List of Earth flybys. Planned and proposed missions are in the List of proposed Solar System probes.

Key

Colour key:

– Mission or flyby completed successfully (or partially successfully)		– Failed mission
– Mission en route or in progress (including mission extensions)

† means "tentatively identified", as classified by NASA. These are Cold War-era Soviet missions, mostly failures, about which few or no details have been officially released. The information given may be speculative.
Date is the date of:

closest encounter (flybys) impact (impactors) orbital insertion to end of mission, whether planned or premature (orbiters) landing to end of mission, whether planned or premature (landers) launch (missions that never got underway due to failure at or soon after launch)

In cases which do not fit any of the above, the event to which the date refers is stated. As a result of this scheme missions are not always listed in order of launch.

Some of the terms used under Type:

Flyby: The probe flies by an astronomical body, but does not orbit it Orbiter: Part of a probe that orbits an astronomical body Lander: Part of a probe that descend to the surface of an astronomical body Rover: Part of a probe that acts as a vehicle to move on the solid-surface of an astronomical body Penetrator: Part of a probe that impacts an astronomical body Atmospheric probe or balloon: Part of a probe that descend through or floats in the atmosphere of an astronomical body; not restricted to weather balloons and other atmospheric sounders, as it can also be used for surface and subsurface imaging and remote sensing. Sample return: Parts of the probe return to Earth with physical samples

Under Status, in the case of flybys (such as gravity assists) that are incidental to the main mission, "success" indicates the successful completion of the flyby, not necessarily that of the main mission.

Solar probes

While the Sun is not physically explorable with current technology, the following solar observation probes have been designed and launched to operate in heliocentric orbit or at one of the Earth–Sun Lagrangian points – additional solar observatories were placed in Earth orbit and are not included in this list:

1960–1969

Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes
Pioneer 5	United States NASA/ DOD	March–April 1960	orbiter	success	measured magnetic field phenomena, solar flare particles, and ionization in the interplanetary region
Pioneer 6(A)	United States NASA	December 1965 – still contactable in 2000	orbiter	success	network of solar-orbiting "space weather" monitors, observing solar wind, cosmic rays, and magnetic fields
Pioneer 7(B)	United States NASA	August 1966 – still contactable in 1995	orbiter	success
Pioneer 8(C)	United States NASA	December 1967 – still contactable in 2001	orbiter	success
Pioneer 9(D)	United States NASA	November 1968 – May 1983	orbiter	success
Pioneer-E	United States NASA	27 August 1969	orbiter	failure	intended as part of the Pioneer 6–9 network; failed to reach orbit

1974–1997

Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes
Helios A	West Germany DFVLR/ United States NASA	November 1974 – 1982	orbiter	success	observations of solar wind, magnetic and electric fields, cosmic rays and cosmic dust between Earth and Sun
Helios B	West Germany DFVLR/ United States NASA	January 1976 – 1985?	orbiter	success
ISEE-3	United States NASA	1978–1982	orbiter	success	observed solar phenomena in conjunction with Earth-orbiting ISEE-1 and ISEE-2; later renamed International Cometary Explorer (ICE) and directed to Comet Giacobini-Zinner
Ulysses (first pass)	Europe ESA/ United States NASA	1994	orbiter	success	south polar observations
1995	north polar observations
WIND	United States NASA	November 1994 – still active as of October 2024	orbiter	success	solar wind measurements
SOHO	Europe ESA/ United States NASA	May 1996 – extended to December 2025	orbiter	success	investigation of Sun's core, corona, and solar wind; comet discoveries
ACE	United States NASA	August 1997 – projected until 2024	orbiter	success	solar wind observations

Since 2000

Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes
Ulysses (second pass)	Europe ESA/ United States NASA	2000	orbiter	success	south polar observations
2001	north polar observations
Genesis	United States NASA	2001–2004	orbiter/ sample return	success	solar wind sample return; crash landed on return to Earth, much data salvaged
STEREO A	United States NASA	December 2006 – still active as of October 2024	orbiter	success	stereoscopic imaging of coronal mass ejections and other solar phenomena
STEREO B	United States NASA	December 2006 – October 2014. August 2016 – October 2018 (communication lost between 1 October 2014 and 21 August 2016) NASA directed that periodic recovery operations of Stereo-B cease with last support on October 17, 2018.	orbiter	success	stereoscopic imaging of coronal mass ejections and other solar phenomena
Ulysses (third pass)	Europe ESA/ United States NASA	2007	orbiter	success	south polar observations
2008	partial success	north polar observations; some data returned despite failing power and reduced transmission capacity
DSCOVR	United States NOAA	February 2015 – still active as of October 2024	orbiter	success	solar wind and coronal mass ejection monitoring, as well as Earth climate monitoring
Parker Solar Probe	United States NASA	November 2018 – December 2025	orbiter/flyby (approach 26 times)	en route	close-range solar coronal study
Solar Orbiter	Europe ESA	10 February 2020 (launch)	orbiter	en route	solar and heliospheric physics
Aditya-L1	India ISRO	2 September 2023 (launch)	orbiter	success	Solar corona observation
SWFO-L1	United States NOAA	24 September 2025 (launch)	orbiter	success	Space weather, solar wind and coronal mass ejection monitoring

Mercury probes

Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes
Mariner 10	United States NASA	29 March 1974	flyby	success	minimum distance 704km
21 September 1974	48,069km
16 March 1975	327km
MESSENGER	United States NASA	14 January 2008	flyby	success	minimum distance 200km
6 October 2008	minimum distance 200km
29 September 2009	minimum distance 228km
18 March 2011– 30 April 2015	orbiter	success	first spacecraft to orbit Mercury; unavoidable impact on the surface at end of mission
BepiColombo (Mercury Cruise System)	Europe ESA/ Japan JAXA	1 October 2021	flyby	success	minimum distance 199 km
23 June 2022	minimum distance 200 km
19 June 2023	minimum distance 236 km
4 September 2024	minimum distance 165 km - closest planetary flyby ever performed
1 December 2024	minimum distance 37,626 km
8 January 2025	minimum distance 295 km
	Mercury Planetary Orbiter	Europe ESA	21 November 2026 (orbital insertion) TBD 2027 (final MPO orbit)	orbiter	en route (attached to Mercury Cruise System)
Mio (Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter)	Japan JAXA	21 November 2026 (orbital insertion)	orbiter	en route (attached to Mercury Cruise System)

Venus probes

Early programs encompassing multiple spacecraft include:

Venera program — USSR Venus orbiter and lander (1961–1984)
Pioneer Venus project — US Venus orbiter and entry probes (1978)
Vega program — USSR mission to Venus and Comet Halley (1984)

1961–1969

Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes
Tyazhely Sputnik	Soviet Union (USSR)	4 February 1961	lander	failure	failed to escape from Earth orbit
Venera 1	Soviet Union (USSR)	19 May 1961– 20 May 1961	flyby	failure	contact lost 7 days after launch; first spacecraft to fly by another planet
Mariner 1	United States NASA	22 July 1962	flyby	failure	guidance failure shortly after launch
Sputnik 19	Soviet Union (USSR)	25 August 1962	lander	failure	failed to escape Earth orbit
Sputnik 20	Soviet Union (USSR)	1 September 1962	lander	failure	failed to escape Earth orbit
Sputnik 21	Soviet Union (USSR)	12 September 1962	flyby	failure	third stage exploded
Mariner 2	United States NASA	14 December 1962	flyby	success	first successful Venus flyby; minimum distance 34,773km
Cosmos 21†	Soviet Union (USSR)	11 November 1963	flyby	failure	failed to escape Earth orbit
Venera 1964A†	Soviet Union (USSR)	19 February 1964	flyby	failure	failed to reach Earth orbit
Venera 1964B†	Soviet Union (USSR)	1 March 1964	flyby	failure	failed to reach Earth orbit
Cosmos 27	Soviet Union (USSR)	27 March 1964	flyby	failure	failed to escape Earth orbit
Zond 1	Soviet Union (USSR)	1964	flyby and possible lander	failure	contact lost en route
Cosmos 96	Soviet Union (USSR)	23 November 1965	lander	failure	did not depart low Earth orbit due to a launch failure
Venera 1965A†	Soviet Union (USSR)	26 November 1965	flyby	failure	launch vehicle failure?
Venera 2	Soviet Union (USSR)	27 February 1966	flyby	failure	ceased to operate en route
Venera 3	Soviet Union (USSR)	1 March 1966	lander	failure	contact lost before arrival; first spacecraft to impact on the surface of another planet
Kosmos 167	Soviet Union (USSR)	17 June 1967	lander	failure	failed to escape Earth orbit
Venera 4	Soviet Union (USSR)	18 October 1967	atmospheric probe	success	continued to transmit to an altitude of 25km
Mariner 5	United States NASA	19 October 1967	flyby	success	minimum distance 5,000km
Venera 5	Soviet Union (USSR)	16 May 1969	atmospheric probe	success	transmitted atmospheric data for 53 minutes, to an altitude of about 26km
Venera 6	Soviet Union (USSR)	17 May 1969	atmospheric probe	success	transmitted atmospheric data for 51 minutes, to an altitude of perhaps 10–12km

1970–1978

Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image
Cosmos 359	Soviet Union (USSR)	22 August 1970	lander	failure	failed to escape Earth orbit
Venera 7	Soviet Union (USSR)	15 December 1970	lander	success	first successful landing on another planet; signals returned from surface for 23 minutes
Cosmos 482	Soviet Union (USSR)	31 March 1972	lander	failure	failed to escape Earth orbit
Venera 8	Soviet Union (USSR)	22 July 1972	lander	success	signals returned from surface for 50 minutes
Mariner 10	United States NASA	5 February 1974	flyby	success	minimum distance 5768km, en route to Mercury; first use of gravity assist by an interplanetary spacecraft
Venera 9	Soviet Union (USSR)	1975	orbiter	success	first spacecraft to orbit Venus; communications relay for lander; atmospheric and magnetic studies
22 October 1975	lander	success	first images from the surface; operated on surface for 53 minutes
Venera 10	Soviet Union (USSR)	1975	orbiter	success	communications relay for lander; atmospheric and magnetic studies
23 October 1975	lander	success	transmitted from surface for 65 minutes
Pioneer Venus Orbiter	United States NASA	4 December 1978– 1992	orbiter	success	atmospheric and magnetic studies
Pioneer Venus Multiprobe	United States NASA	9 December 1978
	bus			probe transporter	success	deployed four atmospheric probes, then burnt up in Venusian atmosphere, continuing to transmit to 110km altitude
large probe			atmospheric probe	success
north probe			atmospheric probe	success
day probe			atmospheric probe	success	survived impact and continued to transmit from surface for over an hour
night probe			atmospheric probe	success
Venera 12	Soviet Union SAS
	flight platform		21 December 1978	flyby	success	minimum distance 34,000km; deployed lander and then acted as communications relay
descent craft	21 December 1978	lander	partial success	soft landing; transmissions returned for 110 minutes; failure of some instruments
Venera 11	Soviet Union SAS				identical to Venera 12
	flight platform		25 December 1978	flyby	success	minimum distance 34,000km; deployed lander and then acted as communications relay
descent craft	25 December 1978	lander	partial success	soft landing; transmissions returned for 95 minutes; failure of some instruments

1982–1999

Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image
Venera 13	Soviet Union SAS
	bus		1 March 1982	flyby	success	deployed lander and then acted as communications relay
descent craft		1 March 1982	lander	success	survived on surface for 127 minutes
Venera 14	Soviet Union SAS				identical to Venera 13
	bus		5 March 1982	flyby	success	deployed lander and then acted as communications relay
descent craft		5 March 1982	lander	success	survived on surface for 57 minutes
Venera 15	Soviet Union SAS	1983–1984	orbiter	success	radar mapping
Venera 16	Soviet Union SAS	1983–1984	orbiter	success	radar mapping; identical to Venera 15
Vega 1	Soviet Union SAS	11 June 1985	flyby	success	went on to fly by Halley's comet
lander	failure	instruments deployed prematurely
atmospheric balloon	success	floated at an altitude of about 54km and transmitted for around 46 hours
Vega 2	Soviet Union SAS	15 June 1985	flyby	success	went on to fly by Halley's comet
lander	success	transmitted from surface for 56 minutes
atmospheric balloon	success	floated at an altitude of about 54km and transmitted for around 46 hours
Galileo	United States NASA	10 February 1990	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to Jupiter; minimum distance 16,000km
Magellan	United States NASA	10 August 1990 – 12 October 1994	orbiter	success	global radar mapping
Cassini	United States NASA/ Europe ESA/ Italy ASI	26 April 1998	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to Saturn
24 June 1999

Since 2006

Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image
Venus Express	Europe ESA	11 April 2006 – 18 January 2015	orbiter	success	atmospheric studies; planetary imaging; magnetic observations
MESSENGER	United States NASA	24 October 2006	flyby	success	gravity assist only; minimum distance 2990km
6 June 2007	success	minimum distance 300km; en route to Mercury
Akatsuki (PLANET-C)	Japan JAXA	6 December 2010 (Venus flyby)	orbiter	failure	failed orbital insertion in 2010; success in 2015 science mission began May 2016, contact lost April 2024, end of mission declared 18 September 2025
7 December 2015 (orbital insertion) – 29 May 2024	orbiter	success
IKAROS	Japan JAXA	8 December 2010	flyby	success	solar sail technology development / interplanetary space exploration
	DCAM2	Japan JAXA	8 December 2010 (released on 14 June 2010)	flyby (post mission)	success	imaged Ikaros in deep space
	DCAM1	Japan JAXA	8 December 2010 (released on 19 June 2010)	flyby (post mission)	success	imaged Ikaros in deep space
Shin'en (UNITEC-1)	Japan UNISEC	December 2010?	flyby	failure	contact lost shortly after launch
Parker Solar Probe	United States NASA	10 October 2018	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to solar corona
26 December 2019
11 July 2020
BepiColombo (first pass)	Europe ESA/ Japan JAXA	15 October 2020	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to Mercury; minimum approach distance was about 10,720km
Solar Orbiter	Europe ESA	27 December 2020	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to inclined heliocentric orbit for solar polar observations
Parker Solar Probe	United States NASA	20 February 2021	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to solar corona
Solar Orbiter	Europe ESA	9 August 2021	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to inclined heliocentric orbit for solar polar observations
BepiColombo (second pass)	Europe ESA/ Japan JAXA	10 August 2021	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to Mercury, during which it may study Venus' atmosphere and solar environment
Parker Solar Probe	United States NASA	16 October 2021	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to solar corona
Solar Orbiter	Europe ESA	4 September 2022	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to inclined heliocentric orbit for solar polar observations
Parker Solar Probe	United States NASA	21 August 2023	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to solar corona
6 November 2024
Solar Orbiter	Europe ESA	18 February 2025	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to inclined heliocentric orbit
Juice	Europe ESA	31 August 2025	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to Jupiter
Solar Orbiter	Europe ESA	December 2026	flyby	en route	gravity assist en route to inclined heliocentric orbit

Earth flybys

See List of Earth flybys

In addition, several planetary probes have sent back observations of the Earth-Moon system shortly after launch, most notably Mariner 10, Pioneers 10 and 11 and both Voyager probes (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2).

Lunar probes

See List of lunar probes

Mars probes

Major early programs encompassing multiple probes include:

Zond program — failed USSR flyby probe
Mars probe program — USSR orbiters and landers
Viking program — two NASA orbiters and landers (1974)
Phobos program — failed USSR orbiters and Phobos landers

1960–1969

Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes
Mars 1M No.1	Soviet Union USSR	10 October 1960	flyby	failure	failed to reach Earth orbit
Mars 1M No.2	Soviet Union USSR	14 October 1960	flyby	failure	failed to reach Earth orbit
Mars 1962A	Soviet Union USSR	24 October 1962	flyby	failure	exploded in or en route to Earth orbit
Mars 1962B	Soviet Union USSR	11 November 1962 (launch)	lander	failure	broke up during transfer to Mars trajectory
Mars 1	Soviet Union USSR	19 June 1963	flyby	failure	contact lost en route; flew within approximately 193,000km of Mars
Mariner 3	United States NASA	5 November 1964	flyby	failure	protective shield failed to eject, preventing craft from attaining correct trajectory
Mariner 4	United States NASA	15 July 1965	flyby	success	first close-up images of Mars
Zond 2	Soviet Union USSR	6 August 1965	flyby	failure	contact lost en route; flew within 1,500km of Mars
Mariner 6	United States NASA	31 July 1969	flyby	success
Mariner 7	United States NASA	5 August 1969	flyby	success
Mars 1969A	Soviet Union USSR	27 March 1969 (launch)	orbiter	failure	launch failure
Mars 1969B	Soviet Union USSR	2 April 1969 (launch)	orbiter	failure	launch failure

1971–1976

Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image
Mariner 8	United States NASA	9 May 1971 (launch)	orbiter	failure	launch vehicle failure
Kosmos 419	Soviet Union USSR	10 May 1971 (launch)	orbiter	failure	failed to escape Earth orbit
Mariner 9	United States NASA	14 November 1971 – 27 October 1972	orbiter	success	first spacecraft to orbit another planet
Mars 2	Soviet Union USSR	27 November 1971 – 22 August 1972	orbiter	success	first Soviet spacecraft to orbit another planet
	Mars 2 Lander	Soviet Union USSR	27 November 1971	lander	failure	crashed; first manmade object to reach surface of Mars
	PrOP-M	Soviet Union USSR	27 November 1971	rover	failure	never activated
Mars 3	Soviet Union USSR	2 December 1971 – 22 August 1972	orbiter	partial success	attained a different orbit than intended due to insufficient fuel
	Mars 3 Lander	Soviet Union USSR	2 December 1971	lander	partial success	first soft landing on Mars; contact lost 110 sec after soft landing, first picture from surface
	PrOP-M	Soviet Union USSR	2 December 1971	rover	failure	never activated
Mars 4	Soviet Union USSR	10 February 1974	orbiter	failure	orbit insertion failed, became flyby
Mars 5	Soviet Union USSR	12 February 1974 – 28 February 1974	orbiter	success
Mars 6	Soviet Union USSR	12 March 1974	flyby	success
	Mars 6 Lander	Soviet Union USSR	12 March 1974	lander	failure	contact lost 148 sec after parachute deployment (returned 224 seconds of atmospheric data)
Mars 7	Soviet Union USSR	9 March 1974	flyby	success
	Mars 7 Lander	Soviet Union USSR	9 March 1974	lander	failure	missed Mars
Viking 1 Orbiter	United States NASA	19 June 1976 – 17 August 1980	orbiter	success
	Viking 1 Lander	United States NASA	20 July 1976 – 13 November 1982	lander	success
Viking 2 Orbiter	United States NASA	7 August 1976 – 25 July 1978	orbiter	success
	Viking 2 Lander	United States NASA	3 September 1976 – 11 April 1980	lander	success

1988–1999

Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image
Phobos 1	Soviet Union USSR	7 July 1988 (launch)	orbiter	failure	contact lost en route to Mars
Phobos 2	Soviet Union USSR	29 January 1989 – 27 March 1989	orbiter	partial success	Mars orbit acquired, but contact lost shortly before Phobos approach phase and deployment of Phobos landers
Mars Observer	United States NASA	25 September 1992 (launch)	orbiter	failure	contact lost shortly before Mars orbit insertion
Mars 96	Russia RKA	16 November 1996 (launch)	orbiter	failure	failed to escape Earth orbit
lander
lander
penetrator
penetrator
Mars Pathfinder	United States NASA	4 July 1997 – 27 September 1997	lander	success
	Sojourner	United States NASA	6 July 1997 – 27 September 1997	rover	success	first Mars rover
Mars Global Surveyor	United States NASA	12 September 1997 – 2 November 2006	orbiter	success
Mars Climate Orbiter	United States NASA	23 September 1999	orbiter	failure	Mars orbit insertion failed due to navigation error. Part of Mars Surveyor '98.
Mars Polar Lander	United States NASA	3 December 1999	lander	failure	Contact lost just prior to entering Martian atmosphere. Part of Mars Surveyor '98.
	Deep Space 2 "Amundsen"	United States NASA	3 December 1999	penetrator
	Deep Space 2 "Scott"	United States NASA	3 December 1999	penetrator

2001–2009

Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image
2001 Mars Odyssey	United States NASA	24 October 2001 – still active as of October 2024	orbiter	success	studying climate and geology; communications relay for Spirit and Opportunity rovers longest surviving spacecraft in orbit around a planet other than Earth
Nozomi	Japan ISAS	14 December 2003	orbiter	failure	failed to attain Mars orbit, became flyby
Mars Express	Europe ESA	25 December 2003 – still active as of October 2024	orbiter	success	surface imaging and mapping; first European probe in Martian orbit
	Beagle 2	United Kingdom UK	25 December 2003	lander	failure	Deployed by the Mars Express; lost for 11 years and imaged by NASA's MRO in 2015
Mars Exploration Rover-A "Spirit"	United States NASA	4 January 2004 – 22 March 2010	rover	success	became stuck in May 2009; then operating as a static science station until contact lost in March 2010
Mars Exploration Rover-B "Opportunity"	United States NASA	25 January 2004 – 10 June 2018	rover	success	lost contact 10 June 2018 due to 2018 global dust storm. NASA concluded mission on 13 February 2019 after failed communication attempts since August 2018.
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter	United States NASA	10 March 2006 – still active as of October 2024	orbiter	success	surface imaging and surveying
Rosetta	Europe ESA	25 February 2007	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to asteroid and comet encounters
Phoenix	United States NASA	25 May 2008 – 10 November 2008	lander	success	collection of soil samples near the northern pole to search for water and investigate Mars' geological history and biological potential
Dawn	United States NASA	17 February 2009	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to Vesta and Ceres

2011–2018

Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image
Fobos-Grunt	Russia RKA	8 November 2011 (launch)	orbiter and Phobos sample return	failure	failed to escape Earth orbit
	Yinghuo-1	China CNSA	orbiter
Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity	United States NASA	6 August 2012 –	rover	success	investigation of past and present habitability, climate and geology
Mangalyaan / Mars Orbiter Mission	India ISRO	24 September 2014 – 27 September 2022	orbiter	success	first Indian spacecraft to orbit another planet, studying Martian atmosphere; mineralogical mapping.
MAVEN	United States NASA	25 September 2014 – 6 December 2025	orbiter	success	studying Martian atmosphere
ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (ExoMars 2016)	Europe ESA/ Russia RKA	19 October 2016 –	orbiter	success	atmospheric gas analysis; communication relay for surface probes
	Schiaparelli EDM lander	Europe ESA	19 October 2016	lander	failure	landing test, meteorological observation, crashed upon landing
InSight	United States NASA	26 November 2018 – 21 December 2022	lander	success	studied the deep interior of Mars, with a seismometer and a heat-flow probe.
	MarCO A "WALL-E"	United States NASA	26 November 2018	flyby	success	relaying data from InSight during its entry, descent, and landing
	MarCO B "EVE"	United States NASA	26 November 2018	flyby	success

Since 2020

Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image
Emirates Mars Mission	United Arab Emirates MBRSC	9 February 2021 –	orbiter	in orbit	conduct studies of Martian atmosphere
Tianwen-1 orbiter	China CNSA	10 February 2021 -	orbiter	in orbit	orbital studies of Martian surface morphology, soil, and atmosphere
	Tianwen-1 Deployable Camera 1	China CNSA	~10 February 2021	flyby (post mission)	success	imaged Tianwen-1 in deep space
	Tianwen-1 Deployable Camera 2	China CNSA	10 February 2021 (released on 31 December 2021)	orbiter	success	imaged Tianwen-1 orbiter and Northern Mars Ice Caps from Mars orbit.
	Tianwen-1 lander	China CNSA	14 May 2021	lander	success	Reaches end of designed lifespan after successful soft landing.
	Zhurong	China CNSA	22 May 2021 - 5 May 2022	rover	success	in-situ studies of Martian surface morphology, soil, and atmosphere
	Tianwen-1 Remote Camera	China CNSA	1 June 2021	lander	success	imaged Tianwen-1 lander and Zhurong rover on Mars
Mars 2020 Perseverance	United States NASA	18 February 2021 -	rover	landed	investigate past and present habitability, climate, and geology; produce O2 from CO2; collect samples for Mars Sample Return Mission
	Mars Helicopter Ingenuity	United States NASA	3 April 2021 - 25 January 2024	autonomous UAV helicopter	success	experimental scout for the Perseverance rover. Took 1st flight successfully from takeoff to landing.
Europa Clipper	United States NASA	1 March 2025	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to Jupiter
Hera	European Union ESA	12 March 2025	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to Didymos
Psyche	United States NASA	15 May 2026	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to Psyche
ESCAPADE Blue	United States NASA	13 November 2025 (launch)	orbiter	enroute	conduct studies of Martian magenetosphere
ESCAPADE Gold	United States NASA	13 November 2025 (launch)	orbiter	enroute	conduct studies of Martian magenetosphere

Phobos probes

Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image
Phobos 1	Soviet Union USSR	7 July 1988 (launch)	flyby	failure	contact lost en route to Mars
	DAS	Soviet Union USSR	2 September 1988	fixed lander	failure	never deployed
Phobos 2	Soviet Union USSR	27 March 1989 (contact lost)	flyby	failure	attained Mars orbit; contact lost prior to deployment of lander
	DAS	Soviet Union USSR	27 March 1989	fixed lander	failure	never deployed
	"Frog"	Soviet Union USSR	27 March 1989	mobile lander	failure	never deployed
Fobos-Grunt	Russia RKA	8 November 2011 (launch)	sample return	failure	failed to escape Earth orbit; launched with Yinghuo-1 Mars orbiter

Ceres probes

Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
Dawn	United States NASA	6 March 2015 – 1 November 2018	orbiter	success	first spacecraft to orbit two different celestial bodies; previously visited Vesta

Asteroid probes

Target	Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes
951 Gaspra	Galileo	United States NASA	29 October 1991	flyby	success	en route to Jupiter; minimum distance 1900km
243 Ida	Galileo	United States NASA	28 August 1993	flyby	success	en route to Jupiter; minimum distance 2400km; discovery of the first asteroid satellite Dactyl
1620 Geographos	Clementine	United States BMDO/ NASA	1994	flyby	failure	flyby cancelled due to equipment malfunction
253 Mathilde	NEAR Shoemaker	United States NASA	27 June 1997	flyby	success	flew within 1200km of 253 Mathilde en route to 433 Eros
433 Eros	NEAR Shoemaker	United States NASA	January 1999	orbiter	failure	became flyby due to software and communications problems (later attempt at orbit insertion succeeded; see below)
9969 Braille	Deep Space 1	United States NASA	29 July 1999	flyby	partial success	no close-up images due to camera pointing error; went on to visit comet 19P/Borrelly
2685 Masursky	Cassini	United States NASA/ Europe ESA/ Italy ASI	23 January 2000	distant flyby	success	en route to Saturn
433 Eros	NEAR Shoemaker	United States NASA	February 2000 – February 2001	orbiter, became lander	success	improvised landing by orbiter at end of mission
5535 Annefrank	Stardust	United States NASA	2 November 2002	distant flyby	success	went on to visit comet 81P/Wild
25143 Itokawa	Hayabusa	Japan ISAS	2005–07	sample return	success	2005: landed and collected dust grains. 2010: sample returned.
	MINERVA	Japan ISAS	12 November 2005	hopper	failure	missed target
132524 APL	New Horizons	United States NASA	June 2006	distant flyby	success	flew past Pluto successfully
2867 Šteins	Rosetta	Europe ESA	5 September 2008	flyby	success	en route to comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
21 Lutetia	Rosetta	Europe ESA	11 July 2010	flyby	success	en route to comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
4 Vesta	Dawn	United States NASA	16 July 2011 – 5 September 2012	orbiter	success	first spacecraft to orbit two different celestial bodies; now orbiting Ceres
4179 Toutatis	Chang'e 2	China CNSA	13 December 2012	flyby	success	came within 3.2km (2.0mi) to Toutatis
2000 DP107	PROCYON	Japan University of Tokyo / JAXA	12 May 2016	flyby	failure	launched with Hayabusa2 in 2014; mission abandoned after ion thruster failure
162173 Ryugu	Hayabusa2	Japan JAXA	27 June 2018 – 13 November 2019	sample return	success	matched orbit with Ryugu on 27 June 2018, samples captured on 21 Febaruay 2019 and on 11 July 2019, left Ryugu on 13 November 2019, returned sample capsule to Earth on 5 December 2020
	Minerva II-1A	Japan JAXA	21 September 2018	hopper	success
	Minerva II-1B	Japan JAXA	21 September 2018	hopper	success
	MASCOT	Germany DLR/ France CNES	3 October 2018	mobile lander	success
	SCI	Japan JAXA	5 April 2019	impactor	success
	DCAM3	Japan JAXA	5 April 2019	orbiter	success	observing SCI's impact, and the ejecta created by the impact
	Minerva II-2	Japan JAXA	2 October 2019	hopper	failure	Rover failed before deployment, it was deployed in orbit around the asteroid to perform gravitational measurements before it impacted on 8 October 2019.
101955 Bennu	OSIRIS-REx	United States NASA	3 December 2018	sample return	success	Observation phase began on 17 August 2018, matched orbit with Bennu on 3 December 2018, orbital insertion on 31 December 2018, sample captured on 20 October 2020, left Bennu on 10 May 2021, returned sample capsule to Earth on 24 September 2023.
2002 GT	Deep Impact	United States NASA	January 2020	flyby	failure	contact lost; previously visited comet 103P/Hartley
65803 Didymos	DART	United States NASA	26 September 2022	flyby/impactor	success	kinetic impactor of Dimorphos to test planetary defense
	LICIACube	Italy ASI	26 September 2022	flyby	success	observed DART's impact
2020 GE (tentative)	Near-Earth Asteroid Scout	United States NASA	16 November 2022 (launch)	flyby	failure	Small spacecraft asteroid flyby technology demonstration. Communication failure
152830 Dinkinesh	Lucy	United States NASA	1 November 2023	flyby	success	Main-belt asteroid flyby en route to Jupiter Trojans; minimum distance 425km; discovered a natural satellite of the asteroid
52246 Donaldjohanson	Lucy	United States NASA	20 April 2025	flyby	success	Main-belt asteroid flyby en route to Jupiter Trojans
2022 OB5	Brokkr-2	United States AstroForge	27 February 2025 (launch) December 2025 (flyby)	flyby	failure	Near-Earth asteroid flyby and determine if the asteroid is metallic as a test for space mining. Mission failed due to communication and tumbling issues.
469219 Kamoʻoalewa	Tianwen-2 (ZhengHe)	China CNSA	4 July 2026	sample return	in orbit	performed rendezevous burn on 7 June 2026, matched orbit with Kamo'oelawa on 4 July 2026. Will collect and return samples from an Apollo NEA
98943 Torifune	Hayabusa2	Japan JAXA	5 July 2026	flyby	success
3548 Eurybates	Lucy	United States NASA	August 2027	flyby	en route	first flyby of a Jupiter trojan
15094 Polymele	Lucy	United States NASA	September 2027	flyby	en route
65803 Didymos	Hera	Europe ESA	2027	orbiter	en route	studying effects of DART's impact on the asteroid
	Milani	Europe ESA	2027	orbiter	en route	to be deployed from Hera
	Juventas	Europe ESA	2027	orbiter	en route	to be deployed from Hera
(65803) Dimorphos	Milani	Europe ESA		Orbiter/lander	en route
11351 Leucus	Lucy	United States NASA	April 2028	flyby	en route
21900 Orus	Lucy	United States NASA	November 2028	flyby	en route
99942 Apophis	OSIRIS-APEX (formerly OSIRIS-REx)	United States NASA	21 April 2029	orbiter	en route	study of a C-type asteroid in 2029
16 Psyche	Psyche	United States NASA	13 October 2023 (launch) August 2029 (arrival)	orbiter	en route	selected for mission #14 of NASA's Discovery Program to explore a metallic asteroid.
1998 KY26	Hayabusa2	Japan JAXA	2030	flyby	en route	flyby of a fast rotator asteroid
Patroclus and Menoetius	Lucy	United States NASA	March 2033	flyby	en route	first flyby of a Trojan Camp Jupiter Trojan

Jupiter probes

Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image
Pioneer 10	United States NASA	3 December 1973	flyby	success	first probe to cross the asteroid belt; first Jupiter probe; first man-made object on an interstellar trajectory; now in the outer regions of the Solar System but no longer contactable
Pioneer 11	United States NASA	4 December 1974	flyby	success	went on to visit Saturn
Voyager 1	United States NASA	5 March 1979	flyby	success	went on to visit Saturn
Voyager 2	United States NASA	9 July 1979	flyby	success	went on to visit Saturn, Uranus and Neptune
Ulysses (first pass)	Europe ESA/ United States NASA	February 1992	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to inclined heliocentric orbit for solar polar observations
Galileo Orbiter	United States NASA	7 December 1995– 21 September 2003	orbiter	success	also flew by various of Jupiter's moons; intentionally flown into Jupiter at end of mission; first spacecraft to orbit Jupiter; first spacecraft to flyby an asteroid
	Galileo Probe	United States NASA	7 December 1995	atmospheric probe	success	first probe to enter Jupiter's atmosphere
Cassini	United States NASA/ Europe ESA/ Italy ASI	December 2000	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to Saturn
Ulysses (second pass)	Europe ESA/ United States NASA	2003–04	distant flyby	success
New Horizons	United States NASA	28 February 2007	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to Pluto
Juno	United States NASA	5 July 2016 – July 2018, extended to July 2021 and then September 2025	orbiter	success	First solar-powered Jupiter orbiter, first mission to achieve a polar orbit of Jupiter.
JUICE	Europe ESA	14 April 2023 (launch)	orbiter	en route	mission to study Jupiter's three icy moons Callisto, Europa and Ganymede, eventually orbiting Ganymede as the first spacecraft to orbit a satellite of another planet.
Europa Clipper	United States NASA	14 October 2024 (launch) 11 April 2030 (planned)	orbiter	en route	planned to orbit Jupiter and fly by Europa multiple times

Ganymede probes

Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
JUICE	Europe ESA	14 April 2023 (launch)	orbiter	en route	mission to study Jupiter's three icy moons Callisto, Europa and Ganymede, eventually orbiting Ganymede as the first spacecraft to orbit a satellite of another planet.

Saturn probes

Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes
Pioneer 11	United States NASA	1 September 1979	flyby	success	previously visited Jupiter
Voyager 1	United States NASA	12 November 1980	flyby	success	previously visited Jupiter
Voyager 2	United States NASA	5 August 1981	flyby	success	previously visited Jupiter, went on to visit Uranus and Neptune
Cassini	United States NASA/ Europe ESA/ Italy ASI	1 July 2004 – 15 September 2017	orbiter	success	also performed flybys of a number of Saturn's moons, and deployed the Huygens Titan lander; first spacecraft to orbit Saturn

Titan probes

Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
Huygens	Europe ESA	14 January 2005	atmospheric probe, lander	success	deployed by Cassini; first probe to land on a satellite of another planet

Uranus probes

Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
Voyager 2	United States NASA	24 January 1986	flyby	success	previously visited Jupiter and Saturn; went on to visit Neptune

Neptune probes

Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
Voyager 2	United States NASA	25 August 1989	flyby	success	previously visited Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus

Pluto probes

Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
New Horizons	United States NASA	14 July 2015	flyby	success	later flew by Kuiper belt object 486958 Arrokoth when it was 43.4 AU from the Sun.

Comet probes

Target	Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes
21P/Giacobini-Zinner	ICE (formerly ISEE3)	United States NASA	11 September 1985	flyby	success	previously solar monitor ISEE3; went on to observe Halley's Comet
1P/Halley	Vega 1	Soviet Union SAS	6 March 1986	flyby	success	minimum distance 8,890km; previously visited Venus
1P/Halley	Suisei	Japan ISAS	8 March 1986	flyby	success	151,000km
1P/Halley	Vega 2	Soviet Union SAS	9 March 1986	flyby	success	minimum distance 8,890km; previously visited Venus
1P/Halley	Sakigake	Japan ISAS	March 1986	distant flyby	partial success	minimum distance 6.99 million km
1P/Halley	Giotto	Europe ESA	14 March 1986	flyby	success	minimum distance 596km; went on to visit comet 26P/Grigg–Skjellerup
1P/Halley	ICE (formerly ISEE3)	United States NASA	28 March 1986	distant obser- vations	success	minimum distance 32 million km; previously visited comet 21P/Giacobini–Zinner
26P/Grigg–Skjellerup	Giotto	Europe ESA	10 July 1992	flyby	success	previously visited Halley's Comet
45P/ Honda–Mrkos–Pajdusakova	Sakigake	Japan ISAS	1996	flyby	failure	contact lost; previously visited Halley's Comet
21P/Giacobini-Zinner	Sakigake	Japan ISAS	1998	flyby	failure
55P/Tempel-Tuttle	Suisei	Japan ISAS	1998	flyby	failure	abandoned due to lack of fuel; previously visited Halley's Comet
21P/Giacobini-Zinner	Suisei	Japan ISAS	1998	flyby	failure
107P/Wilson-Harrington	Deep Space 1	United States NASA	January 2001	flyby	failure	abandoned due to problems with the star tracker, but was re-tasked to fly by comet 19P/Borrelly
19P/Borrelly	Deep Space 1	United States NASA	22 September 2001	flyby	success	previously visited asteroid 9969 Braille
2P/Encke	CONTOUR	United States NASA	2003	flyby	failure	contact lost shortly after launch
81P/Wild	Stardust	United States NASA	2 January 2004	flyby, sample return	success	sample returned January 2006; also visited asteroid 5535 Annefrank
9P/Tempel	Deep Impact	United States NASA	July 2005	flyby	success
	Impactor	United States NASA	4 July 2005	impactor	success
73P/ Schwassmann-Wachmann	CONTOUR	United States NASA	2006	flyby	failure	contact lost shortly after launch
6P/d'Arrest	CONTOUR	United States NASA	2008	flyby	failure	contact lost shortly after launch
103P/Hartley	Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI)	United States NASA	4 November 2010	flyby	success	mission extension (target changed from comet Boethin)
9P/Tempel	Stardust (redesignated NExT)	United States NASA	14 February 2011	flyby	success	mission extension
67P/Churyumov– Gerasimenko	Rosetta	Europe ESA	6 August 2014 – 30 September 2016	orbiter	success	flybys of asteroids 2867 Šteins and 21 Lutetia completed; intentionally impacted at end of mission
	Philae	Europe ESA	12 November 2014 – 9 July 2015	lander	success
311P/PANSTARRS	Tianwen-2 (ZhengHe)	China CNSA	29 May 2025 (launch) 24 January 2035 (orbit)	orbiter, lander	en route	study of an asteroid/main-belt comet

Kuiper belt probes

Target	Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
486958 Arrokoth	New Horizons	United States NASA	1 January 2019	flyby	success	extended mission after Pluto; may flyby another object in 2020s.

Probes leaving the Solar System

Spacecraft	Organization	Status	Notes
Pioneer 10	United States NASA	success	Left Jupiter in December 1973. Mission ended March 1997. Last contact 23 January 2003. Craft now presumed to lack sufficient power for antenna.
Pioneer 11	United States NASA	success	Left Saturn in September 1979. Last contact September 1995. The craft's antenna cannot be maneuvered to point to Earth. Craft now presumed to lack sufficient power for antenna.
Voyager 1	United States NASA	success	Left Saturn in November 1980. Still in regular contact and transmitting scientific data.
Voyager 2	United States NASA	success	Left Neptune in August 1989. Still in regular contact and transmitting scientific data.
New Horizons	United States NASA	success	Left Pluto 14 July 2015; flew by Kuiper belt object 486958 Arrokoth on 1 January 2019 when it was 43.4 AU from the Sun.

Other probes to leave Earth orbit

For completeness, this section lists probes that have left (or will leave) Earth orbit, but are not primarily targeted at any of the above bodies.

Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image
WMAP	United States NASA	30 June 2001 (launch) – October 2010 (end)	Sun-Earth L2 point	success	cosmic background radiation observations; sent to graveyard orbit after 9 years of use.
Spitzer Space Telescope	United States NASA	25 August 2003 (launch) – 30 January 2020 (end)	Earth-trailing heliocentric orbit	success	infrared astronomy
Kepler	United States NASA	6 March 2009 (launch) - 2018	Earth-trailing heliocentric orbit	success	search for extrasolar planets
Herschel Space Observatory	Europe ESA	14 May 2009 (launch)	Lissajous orbit around Sun-Earth L2 point	success	study of formation and evolution of galaxies and stars
Planck	Europe ESA	14 May 2009 (launch) - 2013	Lissajous orbit around Sun-Earth L2 point	success	cosmic microwave background observations
IKAROS	Japan JAXA	20 May 2010 (launch)	Earth-Venus transfer heliocentric orbit	success	solar sail technology development / interplanetary space exploration
	DCAM2	Japan JAXA	20 May 2010 (launch) (released on 14 June 2010)	Earth-Venus transfer heliocentric orbit	success	imaged Ikaros in deep space
	DCAM1	Japan JAXA	20 May 2010 (launch) (released on 19 June 2010)	Earth-Venus transfer heliocentric orbit	success	imaged Ikaros in deep space
Shin'en (UNITEC-1)	Japan UNISEC	20 May 2010 (launch)	Earth-Venus transfer heliocentric orbit	failure	technology development; contact lost shortly after launch
Chang'e 2	China CNSA	25 August 2011 (arrive) – 15 April 2012 (end)	Sun-Earth L2 point	success	Left the point on 15 April 2012, then flew by asteroid 4179 Toutatis
Gaia	Europe ESA	19 December 2013 (launch)	Lissajous orbit around Sun-Earth L2 point	success	astrometry mission to measure the position and motion of 1 billion stars
Shin'en 2	Japan Kyushu Institute of Technology	3 December 2014 (launch)	heliocentric orbit	success	amateur radio satellite / material demonstration
ARTSAT2:DESPATCH	Japan Tama Art University	success	deep space artwork / amateur radio satellite
LISA Pathfinder	Europe ESA	3 December 2015 (launch) – 30 June 2017 (end)	Halo orbit around Sun-Earth L1 point	success	test mission for proposed LISA gravitational wave observatory
Spektr-RG	Russia Germany	13 July 2019 (launch)	Halo orbit around Sun-Earth L2 point	operational	X-ray astronomy
Chang'e 5	China CNSA	23 November 2020 (launch) - 30 August 2021 (left L1)	Halo orbit about Sun-Earth L1 point	success	test mission post lunar sample return
James Webb Space Telescope	United States NASA Europe ESA Canada CSA	25 December 2021 (launch)	Sun-Earth L2 point	in orbit	infrared astronomy
ArgoMoon	Italy ASI	16 November 2022 (launch)	High Earth Orbit with Lunar Flybys (heliocentric)	in orbit	image the ICPS and perform deep space Nanotechnology experiments.
BioSentinel	United States NASA	heliocentric orbit	in orbit	it contains yeast cards that will be rehydrated in space, designed to detect, measure, and compare the effects of deep space radiation.
Team Miles	United States Fluid & Reason	failure	demonstrate low-thrust plasma propulsion in deep space. Deployed, but contact was not established.
CuSP	United States NASA	16 November 2022	heliocentric orbit	failure	study particles and magnetic fields.
Euclid	Europe ESA	1 July 2023 (launch)	Halo orbit around Sun-Earth L2 point	enroute	measure the rate of expansion of the Universe through time to better understand dark energy and dark matter
Chang'e 6	China CNSA	3 May 2024 (launch)	Halo orbit about Sun-Earth L2 point	success	on extended test mission post lunar sample return
IMAP	United States NASA	24 September 2025 (launch)	Halo orbit around Sun-Earth L1 point	operational	Heliophysics
Carruthers Geocorona Observatory	United States NASA	24 September 2025 (launch)	Halo orbit around Sun-Earth L1 point	operational	ultraviolet observations of Earth
Roman Space Telescope	United States NASA	30 August 2026 (launch)	Halo orbit around Sun-Earth L2 point	operational	visible and near-infrared astronomy

List of Solar System probes

Key

Solar probes

1960–1969

1974–1997

Since 2000

Mercury probes

Venus probes

1961–1969

1970–1978

1982–1999

Since 2006

Earth flybys

Lunar probes

Mars probes

1960–1969

1971–1976

1988–1999

2001–2009

2011–2018

Since 2020

Phobos probes

Ceres probes

Asteroid probes

Jupiter probes

Ganymede probes

Saturn probes

Titan probes

Uranus probes

Neptune probes

Pluto probes

Comet probes

Kuiper belt probes

Probes leaving the Solar System

Other probes to leave Earth orbit

See also

External links