List of cercopithecoids
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Cercopithecoidea is a superfamily of primates. Members of this family are called cercopithecoids, or Old World monkeys, and include baboons, colobuses, guenons, lutungs, macaques, and other types of monkeys. Cercopithecoidea contains only a single family, Cercopithecidae, and includes nearly half of the species in the suborder Haplorhini, itself one of two suborders in the order Primates. Cercopithecoids are found in Asia and Africa, generally in forests, though some species can be found in shrublands, wetlands, and caves. They range in size from the Gabon talapoin, at 23 cm (9 in) plus a 31 cm (12 in) tail, to the Chacma baboon, at 115 cm (45 in) plus a 72 cm (28 in) tail. Cercopithecoids primarily eat leaves, fruit, and seeds. Most cercopithecoids do not have population estimates, but the ones that do range from 30 mature individuals to 100,000. Forty-eight species are categorized as endangered, and a further twenty-six species are categorized as critically endangered.
The 158 extant species of Cercopithecidae are divided into two subfamilies: Cercopithecinae, containing 78 baboon, guenon, macaque, and other monkey species divided between thirteen genera, and Colobinae, containing 80 colobus, lutung, and other monkey species divided between ten genera. Dozens of extinct prehistoric cercopithecoid species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.
Conventions
The author citation for the species or genus is given after the scientific name; parentheses around the author citation indicate that this was not the original taxonomic placement. Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the cercopithecoid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct genera, species, or subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "†".
Classification
The superfamily Cercopithecoidea consists of one extant family, Cercopithecidae, which itself consists of two extant subfamilies: Cercopithecinae, containing 78 species divided into thirteen genera, and Colobinae, containing 80 species divided into ten genera.
Subfamily Cercopithecinae
- Genus Allenopithecus (Allen's swamp monkey): one species
- Genus Allochrocebus (terrestrial guenons): three species
- Genus Cercocebus (white-eyelid mangabeys): seven species
- Genus Cercopithecus (guenons): nineteen species
- Genus Chlorocebus (vervet monkeys): seven species
- Genus Erythrocebus (patas monkeys): three species
- Genus Lophocebus (crested mangabeys): two species
- Genus Macaca (macaques): twenty-four species
- Genus Mandrillus (mandrills): two species
- Genus Miopithecus (talapoins): two species
- Genus Papio (baboons): six species
- Genus Rungwecebus (kipunji): one species
- Genus Theropithecus (gelada): one species
Subfamily Colobinae
- Genus Colobus (black-and-white colobuses): five species
- Genus Nasalis (proboscis monkey): one species
- Genus Piliocolobus (red colobuses): fifteen species
- Genus Presbytis (surilis): nineteen species
- Genus Procolobus (olive colobus): one species
- Genus Pygathrix (doucs): three species
- Genus Rhinopithecus (snub-nosed monkeys): five species
- Genus Semnopithecus (gray langurs): eight species
- Genus Simias (pig-tailed langur): one species
- Genus Trachypithecus (lutungs): twenty-one species
Cercopithecoids
The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by the reference work Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists.
Subfamily Cercopithecinae
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Allen's swamp monkey | A. nigroviridis (Pocock, 1907) | Central Africa | Size: 33–51 cm (13–20 in) long, plus 35–52 cm (14–20 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, leaves, and small invertebrates | LC Unknown |
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| L'Hoest's monkey | A. lhoesti P. L. Sclater, 1899 | Central Africa | Size: 31–69 cm (12–27 in) long, plus 48–10 cm (19–4 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, leaves, mushrooms, and invertebrates | VU Unknown |
| Preuss's monkey | A. preussi Matschie, 1898 Two subspecies C. p. insularis (Bioko Preuss's monkey)C. p. preussi (Cameroon Preuss's monkey) | West-central Africa | Size: 45–61 cm (18–24 in) long, plus 49–69 cm (19–27 in) tail Habitat: Forest and grassland Diet: Fruit, seeds, shoots, leaves, buds, flowers, and mushrooms | EN Unknown |
| Sun-tailed monkey | A. solatus M. J. S. Harrison, 1988 | West-central Africa | Size: 45–58 cm (18–23 in) long, plus 56–76 cm (22–30 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, seeds, and invertebrates | NT Unknown |
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agile mangabey | C. agilis (H. Milne-Edwards, 1886) | Central Africa | Size: 44–65 cm (17–26 in) long, plus 45–79 cm (18–31 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, seeds and shoots, as well as small vertebrates | LC Unknown |
| Collared mangabey | C. torquatus (Kerr, 1792) | Western Africa | Size: 45–67 cm (18–26 in) long, plus 60–75 cm (24–30 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit and nuts, as well as stems and roots | EN Unknown |
| Golden-bellied mangabey | C. chrysogaster Lydekker, 1900 | Central Africa | Size: 40–80 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 45–100 cm (18–39 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Invertebrates, fruit, seeds, and nectar | EN Unknown |
| Sanje mangabey | C. sanjei Mittermeier, 1986 | East-central Africa | Size: 50–65 cm (20–26 in) long, plus 55–65 cm (22–26 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, nuts, and seeds, as well as fungi, invertebrates, and plants | EN Unknown |
| Sooty mangabey | C. atys (Audebert, 1797) | Western Africa | Size: 40–68 cm (16–27 in) long, plus 40–80 cm (16–31 in) tail Habitat: Forest and savanna Diet: Fruit and nuts, as well as swamp plants, grass, seeds, fungi, and invertebrates | VU Unknown |
| Tana River mangabey | C. galeritus Peters, 1879 | Eastern Africa | Size: 44–63 cm (17–25 in) long, plus 50–68 cm (20–27 in) tail Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and inland wetlands Diet: Fruit and seeds, as well as stems, leaves, insects, and fungi | CR 100–1,000 |
| White-naped mangabey | C. lunulatus (Temminck, 1853) | Western Africa | Size: 52–73 cm (20–29 in) long, plus 68–74 cm (27–29 in) tail Habitat: Forest and inland wetlands Diet: Fruit, leaves, seeds, buds, and grass | EN Unknown |
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blue monkey | C. mitis Wolf, 1822 Sixteen subspecies C. m. albogularis (Sykes' monkey)C. m. albotorquatusC. m. boutourlinii (Boutourlini's blue monkey)C. m. doggetti (silver monkey)C. m. erythrarchusC. m. heymansi (Lomami River blue monkey)C. m. kandti (golden monkey)C. m. kolbiC. m. labiatusC. m. manyaraensisC. m. mitis (Pluto monkey)C. m. moloneyiC. m. monoidesC. m. opisthostictusC. m. stuhlmanni (Stuhlmann's blue monkey)C. m. zammaranoi | Sub-Saharan Africa | Size: 31–70 cm (12–28 in) long, plus 55–109 cm (22–43 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit and leaves, as well as invertebrates | LC Unknown |
| Campbell's mona monkey | C. campbelli Waterhouse, 1838 | Western Africa | Size: 36–55 cm (14–22 in) long, plus 49–85 cm (19–33 in) tail Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland Diet: Fruit, leaves, seeds and grains, as well as birds, bird eggs, small reptiles, and insects | NT Unknown |
| Crested mona monkey | C. pogonias Bennett, 1833 Three subspecies C. p. grayi (Gray's crested mona)C. p. nigripes (Black-footed crested mona)C. p. pogonias (Golden-bellied crested mona) | Central Africa | Size: 34–55 cm (13–22 in) long, plus 48–87 cm (19–34 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit and seeds, as well as leaves, flowers and insects | NT Unknown |
| De Brazza's monkey | C. neglectus Schlegel, 1876 | Central Africa | Size: 39–60 cm (15–24 in) long, plus 47–79 cm (19–31 in) tail Habitat: Inland wetlands and forest Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, flowers, mushrooms, beetles, termites, and worms | LC Unknown |
| Dent's mona monkey | C. denti Thomas, 1907 | Central Africa | Size: 40–70 cm (16–28 in) long, plus 70–90 cm (28–35 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit and arthropods, as well as flowers, caterpillars, shoots, and leaves | LC Unknown |
| Diana monkey | C. diana (Linnaeus, 1758) | Western Africa | Size: 40–55 cm (16–22 in) long, plus 50–75 cm (20–30 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, flowers, leaves, insects, and other invertebrates | EN Unknown |
| Greater spot-nosed monkey | C. nictitans (Linnaeus, 1766) Five subspecies C. n. insolitusC. n. ludioC. n. martiniC. n. nictitansC. n. stampflii | Western Africa | Size: 40–57 cm (16–22 in) long, plus 56–100 cm (22–39 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruits and seeds, as well as leaves and insects | NT Unknown |
| Hamlyn's monkey | C. hamlyni Pocock, 1907 Two subspecies C. h. hamlyniC. h. kahuziensis | Central Africa | Size: 43–63 cm (17–25 in) long, plus 49–63 cm (19–25 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Shoots, leaves, plants, and herbs, as well as fruit and seeds | VU Unknown |
| Lesser spot-nosed monkey | C. petaurista (Schreber, 1774) Two subspecies C. p. buettikoferiC. p. petaurista | Western Africa | Size: 29–53 cm (11–21 in) long, plus 57–78 cm (22–31 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit as well as insects | NT Unknown |
| Lesula | C. lomamiensis Hart et al., 2012 | Central Africa | Size: 40–65 cm (16–26 in) long, plus 40–65 cm (16–26 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Leaves, fruits and flowers | VU Unknown |
| Lowe's mona monkey | C. lowei Thomas, 1923 | Western Africa (in green) | Size: 36–55 cm (14–22 in) long, plus 54–85 cm (21–33 in) tail Habitat: Forest and savanna Diet: Fruit and insects | VU 10,000 |
| Mona monkey | C. mona (Schreber, 1774) | Western Africa | Size: 32–53 cm (13–21 in) long, plus 67–90 cm (26–35 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, sprouts, leaves, and invertebrates | NT Unknown |
| Moustached guenon | C. cephus (Linnaeus, 1758) Three subspecies C. c. cephodesC. c. cephusC. c. ngottoensis | Western Africa | Size: 44–60 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 66–99 cm (26–39 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, as well as seeds, leaves, insects, and eggs | LC Unknown |
| Red-eared guenon | C. erythrotis Waterhouse, 1838 Two subspecies C. e. camerunensis (Cameroon Red-eared Monkey)C. e. erythrotis (Bioko Red-eared Monkey) | Western Africa | Size: 36–55 cm (14–22 in) long, plus 46–77 cm (18–30 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, shoots and arthropods | VU Unknown |
| Red-tailed monkey | C. ascanius (Audebert, 1799) Five subspecies C. a. ascaniusC. a. atrinasusC. a. katangaeC. a. schmidtiC. a. whitesidei | Central Africa | Size: 34–55 cm (13–22 in) long, plus 67–92 cm (26–36 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, insects, flowers, buds, and tree gum | LC Unknown |
| Roloway monkey | C. roloway (Schreber, 1774) | Western Africa | Size: 44–62 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 70–91 cm (28–36 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Insects, as well as seeds, fruit, and leaves | CR Unknown |
| Sclater's guenon | C. sclateri Pocock, 1904 | Western Africa | Size: 32–38 cm (13–15 in) long, plus 61–85 cm (24–33 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, as well as insects, flowers and leaves | EN Unknown |
| White-throated guenon | C. erythrogaster Gray, 1866 Two subspecies C. e. erythrogaster (Red-bellied guenon)C. e. pococki (Nigerian white-throated guenon) | Western Africa | Size: 38–46 cm (15–18 in) long, plus 58–70 cm (23–28 in) tail Habitat: Forest and inland wetlands Diet: Fruit | EN Unknown |
| Wolf's mona monkey | C. wolfi (Meyer, 1891) Three subspecies C. w. elegansC. w. pyrogasterC. w. wolfi | Central Africa | Size: 44–52 cm (17–20 in) long, plus 69–83 cm (27–33 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, leaves, seeds, and flowers | NT Unknown |
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bale Mountains vervet | C. djamdjamensis Neumann, 1902 Two subspecies C. d. djamdjamensisC. d. harennaensis | Eastern Africa | Size: 43–45 cm (17–18 in) long, plus 47–50 cm (19–20 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Leaves and fruit, as well as flowers, small vertebrates, shoots, stems, and roots | VU Unknown |
| Dryas monkey | C. dryas (Schwarz, 1932) | Central Africa | Size: 36–40 cm (14–16 in) long, plus 48–52 cm (19–20 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, leaves, shoots, pith, seeds, insects, and mushrooms | EN 100–250 |
| Green monkey | C. sabaeus (Linnaeus, 1766) | Western Africa | Size: 42–46 cm (17–18 in) long, plus 42–72 cm (17–28 in) tail Habitat: Forest and savanna Diet: Fruit and leaves | LC Unknown |
| Grivet | C. aethiops (Linnaeus, 1758) Two subspecies C. a. aethiopsC. a. matschiei | Eastern Africa | Size: 40–60 cm (16–24 in) long, plus 30–50 cm (12–20 in) tail Habitat: Savanna and shrubland Diet: Fruit, insects, and vegetable matter, as well as small mammals and birds | LC Unknown |
| Malbrouck | C. cynosuros (Scopoli, 1786) | Southern Africa | Size: 34–70 cm (13–28 in) long, plus 44–79 cm (17–31 in) tail Habitat: Forest and savanna Diet: Fruit, as well as shoots, stems, gum, and seeds | LC Unknown |
| Tantalus monkey | C. tantalus (Ogilby, 1841) Three subspecies C. t. budgettiC. t. marrensisC. t. tantalus | Equatorial Africa | Size: 38–83 cm (15–33 in) long, plus 55–114 cm (22–45 in) tail Habitat: Forest and savanna Diet: Fruit, buds, seeds, roots, bark, and gum, as well as insects, small vertebrates and eggs | LC Unknown |
| Vervet monkey | C. pygerythrus F. Cuvier, 1821 Five subspecies C. p. hilgertiC. p. nesiotesC. p. pygerythrusC. p. rufoviridisC. p. zavattarii | Eastern and southern Africa | Size: 42–57 cm (17–22 in) long, plus 48–75 cm (19–30 in) tail Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and forest Diet: Leaves, flowers, fruit, seeds, arthropods, and gum | LC Unknown |
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blue Nile patas monkey | E. poliophaeus Reichenbach, 1862 | Eastern Africa | Size: 49–64 cm (19–25 in) long, plus 43–73 cm (17–29 in) tail Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland Diet: Gum and arthropods, as well as flowers, fruit, seeds, leaves, stems, roots, and small vertebrates | DD Unknown |
| Common patas monkey | E. patas (Schreber, 1775) Three subspecies E. p. patasE. p. pyrrhonotusE. p. villiersi | Equatorial Africa | Size: 50–70 cm (20–28 in) long, plus 50–70 cm (20–28 in) tail Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland Diet: Fruit and insects, as well as leaves, roots, and bird eggs | NT Unknown |
| Southern patas monkey | E. baumstarki Matschie, 1905 | Eastern Africa | Size: 49–64 cm (19–25 in) long, plus 43–73 cm (17–29 in) tail Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland Diet: Gum and arthropods, as well as flowers, fruit, seeds, leaves, stems, roots, and small vertebrates | CR 100 |
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black crested mangabey | L. aterrimus (Oudemans, 1890) Two subspecies L. a. aterrimusL. a. opdenboschi | Central Africa | Size: 45–65 cm (18–26 in) long, plus 80–85 cm (31–33 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit | VU Unknown |
| Grey-cheeked mangabey | L. albigena (Gray, 1850) Four subspecies L. a. albigenaL. a. johnstoniL. a. osmaniL. a. ugandae | Central Africa | Size: 44–75 cm (17–30 in) long, plus 57–94 cm (22–37 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit and seeds | VU Unknown |
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Toque macaque | M. sinica (Linnaeus, 1771) Three subspecies M. s. aurifrons (Pale-fronted toque macaque)M. s. opisthomelas (Highland toque macaque)M. s. sinica (Common toque macaque) | Sri Lanka | Size: 36–53 cm (14–21 in) long, plus at least 36–53 cm (14–21 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit as well as tree flowers, buds, and leaves | EN Unknown |
| Arunachal macaque | M. munzala Sinha, Datta, Madhusudan, Mishra, 2005 | Eastern Himalayas | Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 9–20 cm (4–8 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates | EN 250 |
| Assam macaque | M. assamensis McClelland, 1840 Two subspecies M. a. assamensis (Eastern Assamese macaque)M. a. pelops (Western Assamese macaque) | Southeastern Asia | Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 9–20 cm (4–8 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates | NT Unknown |
| Barbary macaque | M. sylvanus (Linnaeus, 1758) | Northwestern Africa | Size: 45–60 cm (18–24 in) long, plus 1–2 cm (0–1 in) tail Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and caves Diet: Plants, caterpillars, fruit, seeds, roots, and fungi | EN Unknown |
| Bonnet macaque | M. radiata (Geoffroy, 1812) Two subspecies M. r. dilutaM. r. radiata | Southern India | Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 9–20 cm (4–8 in) tail Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland Diet: Fruit, foliage, and insects, as well as bird eggs and lizards | VU Unknown |
| Booted macaque | M. ochreata (Ogilby, 1841) | Island of Sulawesi in Indonesia | Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 1–15 cm (0–6 in) tail Habitat: Forest and savanna Diet: Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates | VU Unknown |
| Celebes crested macaque | M. nigra (Desmarest, 1822) | Island of Sulawesi | Size: 44–57 cm (17–22 in) long, plus about 2 cm (1 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, as well as insects, shoots, leaves, and stems | CR Unknown |
| Crab-eating macaque | M. fascicularis Raffles, 1821 Ten subspecies M. f. atriceps (Dark-crowned long-tailed macaque)M. f. aureus (Burmese long-tailed macaque)M. f. condorensis (Con Song long-tailed macaque)M. f. fascicularis (Common long-tailed macaque)M. f. fusca (Simeulue long-tailed macaque)M. f. karimondjawae (Kemujan long-tailed macaque)M. f. lasiae (Lasia long-tailed macaque)M. f. philippensis (Philippine long-tailed macaque)M. f. tua (Maratua long-tailed macaque)M. f. umbrosus (Nicobar long-tailed macaque) | Southeastern Asia | Size: 40–47 cm (16–19 in) long, plus 50–60 cm (20–24 in) tail Habitat: Forest, intertidal marine, caves, inland wetlands, grassland, shrubland, and savanna Diet: Fruit, crabs, flowers, insects, leaves, fungi, grasses, and clay | EN Unknown |
| Formosan rock macaque | M. cyclopis (Swinhoe, 1862) | Taiwan | Size: 36–45 cm (14–18 in) long, plus 26–46 cm (10–18 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, leaves, berries, seeds, insects, and small vertebrates, buds, and shoots | LC Unknown |
| Gorontalo macaque | M. nigrescens (Temminck, 1849) | Island of Sulawesi | Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 1–15 cm (0–6 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates | VU Unknown |
| Heck's macaque | M. hecki (Matschie, 1901) | Island of Sulawesi | Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 1–15 cm (0–6 in) tail Habitat: Forest and grassland Diet: Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates | VU 100,000 |
| Japanese macaque | M. fuscata Blyth, 1875 Two subspecies M. f. fuscataM. f. yakui (Yakushima macaque) | Japan | Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 1–15 cm (0–6 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, seeds, flowers, nectar, leaves, and fungi | LC Unknown |
| Lion-tailed macaque | M. silenus (Linnaeus, 1758) | Southwestern India | Size: 40–61 cm (16–24 in) long, plus 24–38 cm (9–15 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, stems, flowers, buds, fungi, insects, lizards, tree frogs, and small mammals | EN 2,400–2,500 |
| Moor macaque | M. maura (Schinz, 1825) | Island of Sulawesi | Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 1–15 cm (0–6 in) tail Habitat: Forest and grassland Diet: Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates | EN Unknown |
| Muna-Buton macaque | M. brunnescens (Matschie, 1901) | Island of Sulawesi in Indonesia | Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 1–15 cm (0–6 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates | VU Unknown |
| Northern pig-tailed macaque | M. leonina (Blyth, 1863) | Southeastern Asia | Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 9–20 cm (4–8 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Leaves, seeds, stems, roots, flowers, bamboo shoots, rice, gums, insects, larvae, termite eggs and spiders | VU Unknown |
| Pagai Island macaque | M. pagensis (Miller, 1903) | Mentawai Islands in Indonesia | Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 9–20 cm (4–8 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates | CR 2,100–3,700 |
| Rhesus macaque | M. mulatta (Zimmermann, 1790) | Southern and southeastern Asia | Size: 45–64 cm (18–25 in) long, plus 19–32 cm (7–13 in) tail Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland Diet: Fish, crabs, shellfish, bird eggs, honeycombs, crayfish, crabs, spiders, plants, gums and pith | LC Unknown |
| Siberut macaque | M. siberu Fuentes, 1995 | Siberut island in Indonesia | Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 9–20 cm (4–8 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, as well as mushrooms, leaves, crabs, crayfish, pith, sap, shoots and flowers | EN Unknown |
| Southern pig-tailed macaque | M. nemestrina (Linnaeus, 1766) | Southeastern Asia | Size: 46–57 cm (18–22 in) long, plus 13–26 cm (5–10 in) tail Habitat: Forest and shrubland Diet: Fruit, insects, seeds, leaves, dirt, and fungus, as well as birds, termite eggs and larvae, and river crabs | EN Unknown |
| Stump-tailed macaque | M. arctoides (Geoffroy, 1831) | Southeastern Asia | Size: 48–65 cm (19–26 in) long, plus 3–7 cm (1–3 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, seeds, flowers, roots, leaves, frogs, crabs, birds, and bird eggs | VU Unknown |
| Tibetan macaque | M. thibetana (H. Milne-Edwards, 1870) Four subspecies M. t. esauM. t. guiahouensisM. t. huangshanensisM. t. thibetana | East China | Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 1–15 cm (0–6 in) tail Habitat: Forest and caves Diet: Fruit, as well as flowers, berries, seeds, leaves, stems, stalks, and invertebrates | NT Unknown |
| Tonkean macaque | M. tonkeana (von Meyer, 1899) | Island of Sulawesi | Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 1–15 cm (0–6 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates | VU Unknown |
| White-cheeked macaque | M. leucogenys Li, Zhao, Fan, 2015 | Northeastern India | Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 9–20 cm (4–8 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates | EN Unknown |
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drill | M. leucophaeus (F. Cuvier, 1807) Two subspecies M. l. leucophaeus (Mainland drill)M. l. poensis (Bioko drill) | Western Africa | Size: 61–77 cm (24–30 in) long, plus 5–8 cm (2–3 in) tail Habitat: Forest, savanna, and rocky areas Diet: Omnivorous, primarily fruit and seeds | EN 4,000 |
| Mandrill | M. sphinx (Linnaeus, 1758) | Western Africa | Size: 55–95 cm (22–37 in) long, plus 7–10 cm (3–4 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, seeds, fungi, roots, insects, snails, worms, frogs, and lizards, as well as snakes and small vertebrates | VU Unknown |
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Angolan talapoin | M. talapoin (Schreber, 1774) | Western Africa | Size: 32–45 cm (13–18 in) long, plus 36–53 cm (14–21 in) tail Habitat: Forest and inland wetlands Diet: Insects, leaves, seeds, fruit, water plants, grubs, eggs, and small vertebrates | VU Unknown |
| Gabon talapoin | M. ogouensis Kingdon, 1997 | Western Africa | Size: 23–36 cm (9–14 in) long, plus 31–45 cm (12–18 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, seeds and insects | NT Unknown |
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chacma baboon | P. ursinus (Kerr, 1792) Three subspecies P. u. griseipes (Gray-footed chacma)P. u. ruacana (Ruacana chacma)P. u. ursinus (Cape chacma) | Southern Africa | Size: 50–115 cm (20–45 in) long, plus 45–72 cm (18–28 in) tail Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and desert Diet: Fruit, leaves, gum, insects, eggs, seeds, flowers, grass, roots, tubers, and small vertebrates | LC Unknown |
| Guinea baboon | P. papio (Desmarest, 1820) | Western Africa | Size: 50–115 cm (20–45 in) long, plus 45–72 cm (18–28 in) tail Habitat: Forest, savanna, grassland, and inland wetlands Diet: Roots, tubers, bulbs, corms, small vertebrates, fruit, and seeds | NT Unknown |
| Hamadryas baboon | P. hamadryas (Linnaeus, 1758) | Horn of Africa and southwestern Arabian Peninsula | Size: 61–77 cm (24–30 in) long, plus 38–61 cm (15–24 in) tail Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas Diet: Fruit, gum, insects, eggs, seeds, flowers, grass, rhizomes, corms, roots, tubers, and small vertebrates | LC Unknown |
| Kinda baboon | P. kindae Lönnberg, 1919 | Central Africa (in green) | Size: 55–84 cm (22–33 in) long, plus 38–66 cm (15–26 in) tail Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland Diet: Omnivorous; primarily fruit | LC Unknown |
| Olive baboon | P. anubis (Lesson, 1827) | Equatorial Africa | Size: 61–84 cm (24–33 in) long, plus 31–60 cm (12–24 in) tail Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland Diet: Fruit, gums, insects, eggs, seeds, flowers, grass, rhizomes, corms, roots, tubers, and small vertebrates | LC Unknown |
| Yellow baboon | P. cynocephalus (Linnaeus, 1766) Two subspecies P. c. cynocephalus (Common yellow baboon)P. c. ibeanus (Ibean baboon) | Eastern Africa (in red) | Size: 50–115 cm (20–45 in) long, plus 45–72 cm (18–28 in) tail Habitat: Shrubland, savanna, and forest Diet: Grass, sedges, seeds, fruit, roots, leaves, buds, bark, flowers, insects, and small vertebrates | LC Unknown |
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kipunji | R. kipunji Jones et al., 2005 | Southeastern Africa | Size: 85–90 cm (33–35 in) long, plus about 115 cm (45 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Omnivorous, including bulbs, roots, shoots, seeds, and fruit | EN Unknown |
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gelada | T. gelada (Rüppell, 1835) Two subspecies T. g. gelada (Northern gelada)T. g. obscurus (Eastern gelada) | Eastern Africa | Size: 50–75 cm (20–30 in) long, plus 32–55 cm (13–22 in) tail Habitat: Grassland and rocky areas Diet: Leaves and forbs, as well as roots, corms, tubers and rhizomes | LC Unknown |
Subfamily Colobinae
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Angola colobus | C. angolensis P. L. Sclater, 1860 Six subspecies C. a. angolensis (Sclater's Angola colobus)C. a. cordieri (Cordier's Angola colobus)C. a. cottoni (Powell-Cotton's Angola colobus)C. a. palliates (Tanzanian black-and-white colobus)C. a. prigoginei (Prigogine's Angola colobus)C. a. ruwenzorii (Ruwenzori colobus)C. a. sharpei (Sharpe's Angola Colobus) | Central Africa | Size: 49–68 cm (19–27 in) long, plus 70–83 cm (28–33 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Leaves, as well as stems, bark, flowers, buds, shoots, fruits, and insects | VU Unknown |
| Black colobus | C. satanas Waterhouse, 1838 Two subspecies C. s. anthracinus (Gabon black colobus)C. s. satanas (Bioko black colobus) | Western Africa | Size: 50–70 cm (20–28 in) long, plus 62–88 cm (24–35 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Nuts and seeds, as well as unripe fruit and leaves | VU Unknown |
| King colobus | C. polykomos (Zimmermann, 1780) | Western Africa | Size: 45–72 cm (18–28 in) long, plus 52–100 cm (20–39 in) tail Habitat: Forest and savanna Diet: Leaves, as well as fruit and flowers | EN Unknown |
| Mantled guereza | C. guereza Rüppell, 1835 Seven subspecies C. g. caudatus (Kilimanjaro guereza)C. g. dodingae (Dodinga Hills guereza)C. g. guereza (Omo River guereza)C. g. kikuyuensis (Eastern black-and-white colobus)C. g. matschiei (Mau Forest guereza)C. g. occidentalis (Western guereza)C. g. percivali (Mt Uaraguess guereza) | Central Africa | Size: 45–72 cm (18–28 in) long, plus 52–100 cm (20–39 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Leaves, as well as fruit, buds, and blossoms | LC Unknown |
| Ursine colobus | C. vellerosus (Geoffroy, 1834) | Western Africa | Size: 60–67 cm (24–26 in) long, plus 73–93 cm (29–37 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Leaves and seeds, as well as fruit, insects, and clay | CR 975 |
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proboscis monkey | N. larvatus Wurmb, 1787 | Borneo | Size: 61–76 cm (24–30 in) long, plus 50–75 cm (20–30 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, seeds, leaves, and shoots, as well as caterpillars and larvae | EN Unknown |
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bouvier's red colobus | P. bouvieri (Rochebrune, 1887) | Congo (in purple on left) | Size: 41–70 cm (16–28 in) long, plus 42–80 cm (17–31 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves | EN Unknown |
| Foa's red colobus | P. foai (Pousargues, 1899) | Congo (in black, bottom right) | Size: 41–70 cm (16–28 in) long, plus 42–80 cm (17–31 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves | EN Unknown |
| Lomami red colobus | P. parmentieri (Colyn, Verheyen, 1987) | Congo | Size: 41–70 cm (16–28 in) long, plus 42–80 cm (17–31 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves | EN Unknown |
| Lang's red colobus | P. langi (J. A. Allen, 1925) | Congo | Size: 41–70 cm (16–28 in) long, plus 42–80 cm (17–31 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves | EN Unknown |
| Miss Waldron's red colobus | P. waldronae (Hayman, 1936) | Western Africa | Size: 47–63 cm (19–25 in) long, plus 52–75 cm (20–30 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, seeds, leaves, buds, and flowers | CR Unknown |
| Niger Delta red colobus | P. epieni (Grubb, Powell, 1999) | Western Africa | Size: 41–70 cm (16–28 in) long, plus 42–80 cm (17–31 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves | CR Unknown |
| Oustalet's red colobus | P. oustaleti (Trouessart, 1906) | Congo (in green) | Size: 41–70 cm (16–28 in) long, plus 42–80 cm (17–31 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves | VU Unknown |
| Pennant's colobus | P. pennantii (Waterhouse, 1838) | Western Africa | Size: 53–63 cm (21–25 in) long, plus 60–70 cm (24–28 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Leaves and shoots, as well as seeds and fruit | CR Unknown |
| Preuss's red colobus | P. preussi (Matschie, 1900) | Western Africa | Size: 41–70 cm (16–28 in) long, plus 42–80 cm (17–31 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves | CR Unknown |
| Semliki red colobus | P. semlikiensis (Colyn, 1991) | Congo (in dark blue on right) | Size: 41–70 cm (16–28 in) long, plus 42–80 cm (17–31 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves | VU Unknown |
| Tana River red colobus | P. rufomitratus (Peters, 1879) | Kenya | Size: 45–67 cm (18–26 in) long, plus 52–80 cm (20–31 in) tail Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and inland wetlands Diet: Leaves, fruit, and seeds, as well as flowers | CR Unknown |
| Thollon's red colobus | P. tholloni (A. Milne-Edwards, 1886) | Congo (in orange) | Size: 41–70 cm (16–28 in) long, plus 42–80 cm (17–31 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Leaves, fruit, and seeds, as well as flowers | VU Unknown |
| Udzungwa red colobus | P. gordonorum (Matschie, 1900) | Southeastern Africa | Size: 41–70 cm (16–28 in) long, plus 42–80 cm (17–31 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves | VU 35,000 |
| Ugandan red colobus | P. tephrosceles Elliot, 1907 | Eastern Africa | Size: 41–70 cm (16–28 in) long, plus 42–80 cm (17–31 in) tail Habitat: Forest and savanna Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves | EN Unknown |
| Western red colobus | P. badius (Kerr, 1792) Three subspecies P. b. badius (Bay red colobus)P. b. temminckii (Temminck's red colobus) | Western Africa | Size: 45–67 cm (18–26 in) long, plus 52–80 cm (20–31 in) tail Habitat: Forest and savanna Diet: Leaves, seeds, unripe fruit, and shoots | EN Unknown |
| Zanzibar red colobus | P. kirkii (Gray, 1868) | Eastern Africa | Size: 41–70 cm (16–28 in) long, plus 42–80 cm (17–31 in) tail Habitat: Forest and shrubland Diet: Leaves, fruit, and seeds, as well as flowers | EN 5,900 |
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black Sumatran langur | P. sumatranus (S. Müller, Schlegel, 1841) | Island of Sumatra in Indonesia | Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, leaves, seeds and flowers | EN Unknown |
| Black-and-white langur | P. bicolor Aimi, Bakar, 1992 | Island of Sumatra | Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves | DD Unknown |
| Black-crested Sumatran langur | P. melalophos (Raffles, 1821) | Island of Sumatra | Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail Habitat: Forest and shrubland Diet: Fruits and leaves, as well as seeds and flowers | EN Unknown |
| East Sumatran banded langur | P. percura Lyon, 1908 | Island of Sumatra | Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves | CR Unknown |
| Hose's langur | P. hosei (Thomas, 1889) | Borneo | Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Leaves, unripe fruits, seeds, flowers, bird eggs and nestlings | VU Unknown |
| Javan surili | P. comata (Desmarest, 1822) Two subspecies P. c. comataP. c. fredericae | Island of Java in Indonesia | Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Leaves, as well as fruits, flowers, and seeds | VU 5,500 |
| Maroon leaf monkey | P. rubicunda (Müller, 1838) Five subspecies P. r. carimataeP. r. chryseaP. r. ignitaP. r. rubicundaP. r. rubida | Borneo | Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail Habitat: Forest and inland wetlands Diet: Leaves, seeds, and fruit, as well as flowers and pith | VU Unknown |
| Siberut langur | P. siberu (Chasen, Kloss, 1928) | Island of Siberut in Indonesia | Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves | EN Unknown |
| Mentawai langur | P. potenziani (Bonaparte, 1856) | Mentawai islands in Indonesia | Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves | CR Unknown |
| Miller's langur | P. canicrus G. S. Miller, 1934 | Eastern Borneo (in light green) | Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves | EN Unknown |
| Mitered langur | P. mitrata Eschscholtz, 1821 | Island of Sumatra | Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves | VU Unknown |
| Natuna Island surili | P. natunae (Thomas, Hartert, 1894) | Island of Natuna Besar in Indonesia | Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves | VU 9,000 |
| Raffles' banded langur | P. femoralis (Martin, 1838) | Singapore and southern Peninsular Malaysia | Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves | CR 200–250 |
| Robinson's banded langur | P. robinsoni Thomas, 1910 | Southern Malay Peninsula | Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves | NT Unknown |
| Sabah grizzled langur | P. sabana (Thomas, 1893) | Eastern Borneo (in dark brown) | Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves | EN Unknown |
| Sarawak surili | P. chrysomelas (Müller, 1838) Two subspecies P. c. chrysomelasP. c. cruciger | Northern Borneo | Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves | CR Unknown |
| Thomas's langur | P. thomasi (Collett, 1893) | Northern island of Sumatra in Indonesia | Size: 42–62 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, leaves, and seeds, as well as flowers, bark, twigs, stalks, birds, bird eggs, algae, and insects | VU Unknown |
| White-fronted surili | P. frontata (Müller, 1838) | Borneo | Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves | VU Unknown |
| White-thighed surili | P. siamensis (Müller, Schlegel, 1838) Four subspecies P. s. canaP. s. paenulataP. s. rhionisP. s. siamensis | Southeastern Asia | Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves | NT Unknown |
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Olive colobus | P. verus (Van Beneden, 1838) | Western Africa | Size: 43–50 cm (17–20 in) long, plus 57–64 cm (22–25 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Leaves and flowers | VU Unknown |
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black-shanked douc | P. nigripes H. Milne-Edwards, 1871 | Southeastern Asia | Size: 60–76 cm (24–30 in) long, plus 56–76 cm (22–30 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Leaves, as well as seeds, fruit and flowers | CR Unknown |
| Gray-shanked douc | P. cinerea (Nadler, 1997) | Southeastern Asia | Size: About 60 cm (24 in) long, plus 59–68 cm (23–27 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Leaves, as well as buds, fruit, seeds, and flowers | CR Unknown |
| Red-shanked douc | P. nemaeus (Linnaeus, 1771) | Southeastern Asia | Size: 61–77 cm (24–30 in) long, plus 55–77 cm (22–30 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Leaves, as well as unripe fruit, seeds, and flowers | CR Unknown |
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black-and-white snub-nosed monkey | R. bieti (A. Milne-Edwards, 1897) | Southern China | Size: 74–83 cm (29–33 in) long, plus 51–72 cm (20–28 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Leaves, fruit, and lichen | EN 1,000 |
| Golden snub-nosed monkey | R. roxellana A. Milne-Edwards, 1870 Three subspecies R. r. hubeiensis (Hubei golden snub-nosed monkey)R. r. qinlingensis (Qinling golden snub-nosed monkey)R. r. roxellana (Moupin golden snub-nosed monkey) | Central China | Size: 57–76 cm (22–30 in) long, plus 51–72 cm (20–28 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Leaves, bark, and lichen, as well as buds and fruit seeds | EN Unknown |
| Gray snub-nosed monkey | R. brelichi Thomas, 1903 | Central China | Size: 64–73 cm (25–29 in) long, plus 70–97 cm (28–38 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Leaves, buds, fruit, seeds and bark, as well as insect larvae | CR 200 |
| Myanmar snub-nosed monkey | R. strykeri Geissmann et al., 2010 | Northern Myanmar | Size: About 56 cm (22 in) long, plus 78 cm (31 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Leaves, fruit, seeds, buds, flowers, twigs, and bark | CR 350–400 |
| Tonkin snub-nosed monkey | R. avunculus (Dollman, 1912) | Northern Vietnam | Size: 51–65 cm (20–26 in) long, plus 66–92 cm (26–36 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Leaves, fruit, flowers, and seeds | CR 80–100 |
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black-footed gray langur | S. hypoleucos Blyth, 1841 Three subspecies S. h. achatesS. h. hypoleucosS. h. iulus | Southern India | Size: 41–78 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 69–108 cm (27–43 in) tail Habitat: Forest and shrubland Diet: Leaves, fruit, and flowers | LC Unknown |
| Kashmir gray langur | S. ajax Pocock, 1928 | Himalayas | Size: 41–78 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 69–108 cm (27–43 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Leaves, bark, and seeds | EN 1,400–1,500 |
| Nepal gray langur | S. schistaceus Hodgson, 1840 | Himalayas | Size: 41–78 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 69–108 cm (27–43 in) tail Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and rocky areas Diet: Leaves and fruit, as well as seeds, roots, flowers, bark, twigs, coniferous cones, moss, lichens, ferns, shoots, rhizomes, grass, and invertebrate animals | LC Unknown |
| Nilgiri langur | S. johnii (J. Fischer, 1829) | Southern India | Size: 41–78 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 69–108 cm (27–43 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Leaves, fruit, and flowers | VU 9,500–10,000 |
| Northern plains gray langur | S. entellus (Dufresne, 1797) | India | Size: 41–78 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 69–108 cm (27–43 in) tail Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland Diet: Leaves, fruit, and flowers, as well as insects, bark, gum, and soil | LC Unknown |
| Tarai gray langur | S. hector Pocock, 1928 | Himalayas | Size: 41–78 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 69–108 cm (27–43 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Leaves, fruit, and flowers | NT Unknown |
| Tufted gray langur | S. priam Blyth, 1844 Three subspecies S. p. anchisesS. p. priamS. p. thersites | Southern India and Sri Lanka | Size: 41–78 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 69–108 cm (27–43 in) tail Habitat: Forest and shrubland Diet: Leaves and fruit | NT Unknown |
| Purple-faced langur | S. vetulus (Erxleben, 1777) Four subspecies T. v. monticola (Montane purple-faced langur)T. v. nestor (Western purple-faced langur)T. v. philbricki (Dryzone purple-faced langur)T. v. vetulus (Southern lowland wetzone purple-faced langur) | Sri Lanka | Size: 41–78 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 69–108 cm (27–43 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Leaves, fruit, flowers, and seeds | EN Unknown |
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pig-tailed langur | S. concolor Miller, 1903 Three subspecies S. c. concolorS. c. siberu | Islands near Sumatra in Indonesia | Size: 45–53 cm (18–21 in) long, plus 13–18 cm (5–7 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Leaves, fruit, and berries | CR Unknown |
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Annamese langur | T. margarita (Elliot, 1909) | Southeastern Asia | Size: 40–76 cm (16–30 in) long, plus 57–110 cm (22–43 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Leaves, flowers, and fruit | EN Unknown |
| Capped langur | T. pileatus (Blyth, 1843) Three subspecies T. p. brahmaT. p. pileatusT. p. tenebricus | Southern Asia | Size: 40–76 cm (16–30 in) long, plus 57–110 cm (22–43 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Leaves, seeds, and fruit, as well as flowers, buds, bark, and caterpillars | VU Unknown |
| Cat Ba langur | T. poliocephalus (Pousargues, 1898) | Cát Bà Island, Vietnam (in purple) | Size: 40–76 cm (16–30 in) long, plus 57–110 cm (22–43 in) tail Habitat: Forests and caves Diet: Leaves, flowers, and fruit | CR 30–35 |
| Delacour's langur | T. delacouri (Osgood, 1911) | Northern Vietnam | Size: 40–76 cm (16–30 in) long, plus 57–110 cm (22–43 in) tail Habitat: Forest, rocky areas, and caves Diet: Leaves, flowers, and fruit | CR 240–250 |
| Dusky leaf monkey | T. obscurus (Reid, 1837) Seven subspecies T. o. carboT. o. flavicaudaT. o. haloniferT. o. obscurusT. o. sanctorumT. o. seimundiT. o. styx | Southeastern Asia | Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Leaves, shoots, fruit, and seedlings | EN Unknown |
| East Javan langur | T. auratus Geoffroy, 1812 | Java and nearby islands in Indonesia | Size: 44–65 cm (17–26 in) long, plus 61–87 cm (24–34 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Leaves and flowers, as well as fruit and insect larvae | VU Unknown |
| François' langur | T. francoisi (Pousargues, 1898) | Southern Asia | Size: 40–76 cm (16–30 in) long, plus 57–110 cm (22–43 in) tail Habitat: Forest, rocky areas, and caves Diet: Leaves, fruit, and seeds, as well as insects | EN 2,000–2,100 |
| Gee's golden langur | T. geei (Khajuria, 1956) | Southern Asia | Size: 50–75 cm (20–30 in) long, plus 70–100 cm (28–39 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Fruit, leaves, flowers, seeds, and twigs | EN 6,000–6,500 |
| Germain's langur | T. germaini (H. Milne-Edwards, 1876) | Southeastern Asia | Size: 40–76 cm (16–30 in) long, plus 57–110 cm (22–43 in) tail Habitat: Forest and rocky areas Diet: Leaves, fruit, and flowers | EN Unknown |
| Hatinh langur | T. hatinhensis (Dao, 1970) | Vietnam | Size: 40–76 cm (16–30 in) long, plus 57–110 cm (22–43 in) tail Habitat: Forest, rocky areas, and caves Diet: Leaves, as well as fruit, vines, and flowers | EN Unknown |
| Indochinese black langur | T. ebenus Brandon-Jones, 1995 | Southeastern Asia | Size: 40–76 cm (16–30 in) long, plus 57–110 cm (22–43 in) tail Habitat: Forest, rocky areas, and caves Diet: Leaves, as well as fruit, vines, and flowers | EN Unknown |
| Indochinese grey langur | T. crepuscula (Elliot, 1909) | Southeast Asia (in red) | Size: 40–76 cm (16–30 in) long, plus 57–110 cm (22–43 in) tail Habitat: Forest, inland wetlands, and rocky areas Diet: Leaves, flowers, and fruit | EN 2,400–2,500 |
| Laotian langur | T. laotum (Thomas, 1911) | Laos | Size: 40–76 cm (16–30 in) long, plus 57–110 cm (22–43 in) tail Habitat: Forest and rocky areas Diet: Leaves, flowers, and fruit | EN Unknown |
| Phayre's leaf monkey | T. phayrei (Blyth, 1847) Two subspecies T. p. phayreiT. p. shanicus | Southeast Asia (in green) | Size: 40–76 cm (16–30 in) long, plus 57–110 cm (22–43 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Leaves, as well as bamboo shoots | EN Unknown |
| Popa langur | T. popa Roos et al., 2020 | Myanmar | Size: 40–76 cm (16–30 in) long, plus 57–110 cm (22–43 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Leaves, flowers, and fruit | CR 130–180 |
| Shortridge's langur | T. shortridgei Wroughton, 1915 | Southern Asia | Size: 40–76 cm (16–30 in) long, plus 57–110 cm (22–43 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Leaves, flowers, and fruit | EN Unknown |
| Selangor silvered langur | T. selangorensis Roos, Nadler, Walter, 2008 | Peninsular Malaysia | Size: 40–76 cm (16–30 in) long, plus 57–110 cm (22–43 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Leaves, flowers, and fruit | NT Unknown |
| Silvery lutung | T. cristatus Raffles, 1821 Two subspecies T. c. cristatusT. c. vigilans | Southeastern Asia | Size: 46–56 cm (18–22 in) long, plus 63–84 cm (25–33 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Leaves, as well as fruit, seeds, shoots, flowers, and buds | VU Unknown |
| Tenasserim lutung | T. barbei (Blyth, 1847) | Southeastern Asia | Size: 40–76 cm (16–30 in) long, plus 57–110 cm (22–43 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Leaves, flowers, and fruit | VU Unknown |
| West Javan langur | T. mauritius (Griffith, 1821) | Island of Java | Size: 40–76 cm (16–30 in) long, plus 57–110 cm (22–43 in) tail Habitat: Forest Diet: Leaves, flowers, and fruit | VU Unknown |
| White-headed langur | T. leucocephalus Tan, 1957 | Southern China | Size: 40–76 cm (16–30 in) long, plus 57–110 cm (22–43 in) tail Habitat: Rocky areas Diet: Leaves, flowers, and fruit | CR 230–250 |
Sources
- Groves, Colin P. (2005). Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.
- Kingdon, Jonathan (2014). Mammals of Africa. Vol. II: Primates. A & C Black. ISBN 978-1-4081-8991-7.
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