Flatbreads are the most common type of bread. There are many types of flatbread from many parts of the world. Flatbreads come in many shapes and sizes, with thicknesses ranging from below 1 millimeter to about 4 centimeters, and diameters ranging from around 5 to 70 centimeters.

Flatbreads are made of flour, often using cereal grains such as wheat, barley, maize, millet, sorghum, or rye. The flour is generally mixed with water and salt to form a dough. Leavening is sometimes added, which may include sourdough or baker's yeast. Other dough ingredients may include fat or oil, used as shortening. Some flatbreads have additional ingredients as fillings or toppings. Flatbreads may be baked with any method. Most types are baked on top of a griddle or in a vertical oven—such as a tandoor—while other types are baked in a domed oven or heated directly on embers. Some types are instead fried.

Flatbreads are categorized into two forms: double-layered and single-layered. Double-layered flatbreads are leavened and expand from gases while baking, which results in a separation between top and bottom. Single-layered flatbreads do not experience this, sometimes being punctured to prevent expansion. Single-layered flatbreads are further divided into unleavened versions, which are rolled thin, and leavened versions, which are thick and airy.

Pancakes, which are made of liquid batter rather than firm dough, may be considered a type of flatbread. Pancakes and pancake-like flatbreads are listed separately at List of pancakes.

List

NameClassificationDough ingredientsThicknessDiameterPhysical descriptionBaking methodCuisineRef.
Aghrum[fr]SemolinaNorth Africa (Kabyle)
ArepaSingle-layered, unleavenedMaize flour; sometimes uses fillings1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in)8–10 cm (3.1–3.9 in)Round, with flat or convex topGriddle (sometimes boiled before baking)Americas (Colombia, Peru, Venezuela)
Ash cakeUnleavened (usually)VariesEmbersWorldwide
BakarkhaniLeavened (yeast)Wheat flour (refined), sugar, milk, ghee, almonds, raisinsBakedSouth Asia (Pakistan)
BaladiDouble-layered, leavened (sourdough, sometimes with additional yeast)Wheat flour1.25 cm (0.5 in)20 cm (7.9 in)Round with pocketOvenNorth Africa (Egypt, Sudan)
BammyCassavaRoundAmericas (Jamaica)
BannockUnleavened; less commonly leavened (sodium bicarbonate)Oats or barley flour or wheat flourRound, thick, the size of a plate; some versions use elaborate ingredients including lardGriddle; historically ember-baked before placing on griddleEurope (Scotland)
BannockLeavened (baking powder)Wheat flour (refined), fat, sugar; sometimes milk, eggs, fruits (such as berries), or nutsRound, largeOven, campfire, cast iron pan, or friedAmericas (Indigenous Canadian, including Inuit)
Barbari breadSingle-layered, leavened (sourdough or yeast)Wheat flour (or barley flour)2.5–3 cm (1.0–1.2 in)70–80 cm (28–31 in) by 25–30 cm (10–12 in)Oval, heavyBrick oven (partially pregelatinized)West Asia (Iran, Afghanistan)
BatawSingle-layered, unleavenedWheat flour, maize flour, fenugreek50 cm (20 in)Round, thin
BatboutDouble-layered, leavenedNorth Africa (Morocco)
BatiUnleavenedWheat flour, fat1.5 cm (0.6 in)5 cm (2.0 in)Ball-shaped, hard and crusty, low in moisture and high in fatSouth Asia (Rajasthan)
BazlamaSingle-layered, leavened (sourdough)3 cm (1.2 in)10–20 cm (3.9–7.9 in)GriddleWest Asia (Turkey, Middle East)
BhakriSingle-layered, unleavenedSorghum flour, finger millet flour, pearl millet flour, rice flour3 mm (0.1 in)15–20 cm (5.9–7.9 in)RoundGriddleSouth Asia (Western India)
BhaturaSingle-layered, leavened (sodium bicarbonate and yogurt)Wheat flour2 mm (0.1 in)15–20 cm (5.9–7.9 in)Round, puffyDeep-friedSouth Asia (North India, Pakistan)
Carchiola[it]Single-layered, unleavenedCornmeal2 cm (0.8 in)HardReversible grill in fireplaceEurope (Basilicata)
CasabeCassava flourSimilar to arepaAmericas (Caribbean coast, including Venezuela, Garifuna)
ChapatiSingle-layered, unleavenedWheat flour (atta) or other flour (sorghum or pearl millet)2 mm (0.1 in)15–20 cm (5.9–7.9 in)Round, thin, bubbly with brown spotsGriddle, then placed over a direct flameWorldwide, originally South Asia (North India, Pakistan, Bangladesh), also commonly East Africa (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania)
ChipaVaries (may be flatbreads or rolls)CrispAmericas (Paraguay)
ChorekSingle-layered, leavenedPressed with decorative stampsCentral Asia (Turkmenistan)
Cong you bingUnleavened or leavened (yeast)Wheat flour (refined), oil (or lard), scallionsRound with spiraling layers, varying texturesGriddleEast Asia (China)
CrescentaSingle-layered, leavened (yeast)Wheat flour, lard, diced ham, diced baconEurope (Emilia-Romagna and Tuscany)
Crescenta frittaDouble-layered, leavened (sodium bicarbonate)Wheat flour, milk, pork fat (strutto)Diamond-shapedDeep-friedEurope (Emilia-Romagna and Tuscany)
Crescentina modeneseSingle-layered, leavened (yeast or sodium bicarbonate); historically unleavenedWheat flour; sometimes milk and lard1.5 cm (0.6 in)15 cm (5.9 in)Decorative imprint from griddleBetween clay plates held in fireEurope (Emilia-Romagna)
Crescia sfogliataSingle-layered, unleavenedWheat flour, egg, pork fat (strutto), black pepperCast-iron panEurope (Marche)
CrostoloSingle-layered, unleavenedWheat flour, egg, milk, black pepperRound with spiral layers, blackened stripesGrillEurope (Emilia-Romagna and Marche)
CrumpetGriddleEurope (Britain)
DamperWheat flour; historically seed flourCampfireOceania (Aboriginal Australian)
DhebraFinger millet; sometimes additionally wheat flour and chickpea flourSouth Asia (India, particularly Rajasthan and Guajrat)
English muffinSingle-layered, leavened (yeast)Wheat flour, milk, butter; coated in cornmealRound with straight edges, chewy, light-coloredGriddle, then oven
FarlWheat flour, oatmealThin, triangular or quarter-circleEurope (Scotland)
FlatbrødBarley flourEurope (Norway)
FlatkakaSingle-layered, unleavenedRye and/or barley flour; sometimes milk products1 cm (0.4 in)Round, denseOvenEurope (Scandinavia)
FocacciaSingle-layered, leavened (yeast)Wheat flour, olive oil; sometimes topped with rosemary or other ingredients1.25–5 cm (0.5–2.0 in)20 cm (7.9 in)Various shapes, similar dough to pizzaOvenEurope (Italy)
FougasseWheat flour; other ingredients varyLargeEurope (France)
FrenaFlour, olive oil, nigellaBaked on pebblesNorth Africa (Originally Morocco; also Israel)
FrybreadLeavened (sometimes baking powder)Wheat flour, milk, oilFriedAmericas (Indigenous North American)
GirdaSingle-layered, leavenedWheat flour2 mm (0.1 in)15 cm (5.9 in)RoundTandoor or GriddleSouth Asia (Kashmir)
GommeSingle-layered, unleavenedFlour, milkUp to 5 cm (2.0 in)35–40 cm (14–16 in)RoundGriddle covered in ashesWest Asia (Turkey)
Gnocco ingrassatoSingle-layered, leavened (yeast)Wheat flour, lard, diced ham2–3 cm (0.8–1.2 in)RectangularOvenEurope (Emilia-Romagna)
Gnocco frittoDouble-layered, leavened (sodium bicarbonate)Wheat flour, pork fat (strutto)5 mm (0.2 in)5–15 cm (2.0–5.9 in)RectangularDeep-friedEurope (Emilia-Romagna)
Gul poliStuffed, unleavenedWheat flour; filled with jaggery, coconut, peanuts, sesame seeds, poppy seeds, cardamom3 mm (0.1 in)10–15 cm (3.9–5.9 in)Round, crisp, sweetGriddleSouth Asia (Maharashtra)
Hamursuz[tr]LeavenedVertical ovenWest Asia (Turkey)
HarchaUnleavenedSemolina, fatRoughNorth Africa (Algeria)
HimbashaLeavenedWheat flour, flavorings such as cardamomSweetEast Africa (Ethiopia, Eritrea)
JowSingle-layered, leavenedBarley flourWest Asia (Iran)
KaakVery hardTandoorSouth Asia (Balochistan)
Kesra rakhisSingle-layered, unleavenedSemolina, fatFirm, homogenous surfaceNorth Africa (Algeria, Berber)
Khamiri rotiLeavened (yeast or sodium bicarbonate)Wheat flour, yogurt (or buttermilk), sugar, ghee, aniseedSweetGriddle, tandoor, or deep-friedSouth Asia (India, Pakistan)
KhakhraWheat flour, mat bean, oilThin, crispSouth Asia
Khobz el-dârSingle-layered, leavened (sourdough or yeast)Semolina, fat, milk, egg, sesame seeds1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in)Round, docked with rectangular cutsOvenAfrica (Morocco, Algeria)
KhoshkSingle-layered, leavenedWest Asia (Iran)
KitchaSingle-layered, unleavened or leavenedTeff flour, sometimes with sorghum or millet flourEast Africa (Ethiopia)
Korsan[ar]Single-layered, unleavenedWheat flour (whole)57 cm (22.4 in)Round, thinOvenWest Asia (Saudi Arabia)
KulchaSingle-layered, leavenedWheat flour; various fillings or flavorings3–4 mm (0.1–0.2 in)10–12 cm (3.9–4.7 in)RoundTandoorSouth Asia (Kashmir, Punjab)
LaffaThin, soft; similar to pitaWest Asia (originally Iraq and Yemen; also Israel)
LaganaUnleavenedFlour, sesame seedsFairly dryEurope (Greece)
LahmacunSingle-layered, leavened (yeast)Wheat flour; topped with minced meat and vegetablesRound, thinOvenWest Asia (Turkey, Middle East)
LángosLeavened (yeast)SavoryDeep-friedEurope (Hungary)
LaobingSingle-layered, unleavened23–26 cm (9.1–10.2 in) by 13–17 cm (5.1–6.7 in)Griddle (shallow-fried)East Asia (China)
LaufabrauðThinFriedEurope (Iceland)
LavashSingle-layered, leavened (sourdough or yeast)Wheat flour2–5 mm (0.1–0.2 in)20–70 cm (8–28 in) by 10–40 cm (4–16 in)Oval or rectangular, sometimes driedClay ovenWest Asia (including Armenia, Turkey)
LefseWheat flour, potato, milk (or cream); optionally lardGriddleEurope (Norway, Sweden)
LepeshkaSingle-layered, leavenedCentral Asia (Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan)
LittiStuffedWheat flour; filled with sattuOven such as tandoorSouth Asia (Bihar)
LuchiWheat flour (refined), ghee12.5–15 cm (4.9–5.9 in)Round, puffy; similar to puriDeep-friedSouth Asia (Bengal)
MaadjounaLeavenedSemolinaNorth Africa (Algeria)
Makki ki rotiSingle-layered, unleavenedMaize flour2–3 mm (0.1–0.1 in)15 cm (5.9 in)RoundBaked or sautéedSouth Asia (Punjab)
MalujSingle-layered, leavened (sourdough or yeast)Wheat flour (refined); some variations use barley flour3–5 mm (0.1–0.2 in)30–35 cm (12–14 in)RoundClay ovenWest Asia (Yemen)
ManakishLeavenedWheat flour; topped with ingredients such as cheese, chili pepper, minced lamb, za'atar, sesame seeds, sumac, or kashkVarious styles; griddled version is thin and crispGriddle or ovenWest Asia (including Lebanon and Palestine)
MarkoukSingle-layered, unleavenedVery thinWest Asia (Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman)
MatloueSingle-layered, leavened (yeast)Wheat flour, semolina2.5 cm (1.0 in)GriddleAfrica (Algeria)
MatnakashSingle-layered, leavenedWest Asia (Armenia)
MatzahSingle-layered, unleavenedWheat flour (whole); sometimes additional ingredientsRound or rectangular, thin, crisp, laminated, docked with even cutsOvenWorldwide (Jewish)
MerahrahDouble-layered, leavened (sourdough)Maize flour, ground fenugreek seedsRoundNorth Africa (Egypt)
Missi roti[hi]Single-layered, unleavenedWheat flour, chickpea flour2–3 mm (0.1–0.1 in)15 cm (5.9 in)Round, yellowTandoor or GriddleSouth Asia (Punjab)
MlinciThinEurope (Balkans)
MoRound, white, hard outside with soft insideSteamedEast Asia (Shaanxi)
Mont lay bwayRice flourThin, crisp, airyFriedSoutheast Asia (Myanmar)
MurtabakStuffedFilled with chicken, mutton or other meatFoldedFriedSoutheast Asia (Malaysia, Singapore)
MuufoSingle-layered, leavenedOven (mofa)East Africa (Somalia, Kenya)
NaanSingle-layered, leavened (sourdough or yeast)Wheat flour, yogurt (or milk), shortening; some variations use egg or various toppings3 mm (0.1 in)17 cm (6.7 in) by 12 cm (4.7 in)Teardrop-shaped, puffy; many stylesTandoorWorldwide, originally South Asia (North India, Pakistan) and Central Asia
NgomeMillet flour, vegetable oilWest Africa (Mali)
OatcakeSometimes leavened (yeast, sourdough)Oatmeal; sometimes fatVarious stylesGriddle or ovenEurope (British Isles, particularly Scotland)
Pane carasauLeavened (sodium bicarbonate; some versions use yeast or sourdough)Semolina1–2 mm (0.0–0.1 in)Round or rectangular, thin, crisp, sliced to separate layersOven (twice-baked)Europe (Sardinia)
PapadamNon-grain flour (lentil, chickpea, or potato); sometimes spices such as ajwainAbout 8 cm (3.1 in)Thin, crispFried; dried before cookingSouth Asia (North India)
ParathaMultilayered, unleavenedWheat flour (whole or refined), shortening2–3 mm (0.1–0.1 in)15 cm (5.9 in)Round, square, or triangular, with folded or spiraling layersShallow-friedSouth Asia (North India)
Paratha, stuffedStuffed, unleavenedWheat flour; filled with spiced vegetables such as potatoes3 mm (0.1 in)15 cm (5.9 in)RoundShallow-friedSouth Asia (North India)
PanigaccioDouble-layered, leavenedGriddle (testo)Europe (Tuscany)
ParottaMultilayered, unleavenedWheat flour; optionally egg and sugar2 mm (0.1 in)15 cm (5.9 in)Round with spiraling layers, cream-coloredShallow-friedSouth Asia (South India)
Piadina romagnolaSingle-layered, unleavened; sometimes leavened (sodium bicarbonate)Wheat flour (refined), olive oil, pork fat (strutto); historically made with cornmeal4–8 mm (0.2–0.3 in)15–25 cm (5.9–9.8 in)Griddle (testo)Europe (Emilia-Romagna)
Pide / İçli pideTopped with meat, cheese, eggs, or spinachOval, thinWest Asia (Turkey)
Pide / Ramazan pidesiSingle-layered, leavened (yeast)Wheat flour, shortening, sugar1.5–2 cm (0.6–0.8 in)20–25 cm (7.9–9.8 in)RoundOvenWest Asia (Turkey)
Pistoccu[it]Double-layered, leavened (yeast)Semolina3–4 mm (0.1–0.2 in)Crisp, sliced to separate layersSteam oven (twice-baked); historically wood-fired ovenEurope (Sardinia)
PitaDouble-layered, leavened (yeast)Wheat flour1.5–10 mm (0.1–0.4 in)15 cm (5.9 in)Round with pocketOvenWorldwide (including Greece, Turkey, Middle East, North Africa)
PittaSingle-layered, leavenedEurope (Calabria, Sicily, Apulia)
PizzaSingle-layered, leavened (yeast/chemical)Wheat flour, sugar, shortening; topped with tomato sauce, cheese, and other ingredientsVariesAbout 25 cm (9.8 in)Wide range of styles, see list of pizzasOvenWorldwide (Originally Italy)
PlancEurope (Wales)
Puccia[it]Double-layered, leavened (sourdough)Semolina (or barley flour), olive oil20 cm (8 in)RoundStoneEurope (Apulia)
PupusaStuffedMaize flour; filled with beans, cheese, squash, chicharrones, or other ingredientsSimilar dough to tortillaGriddleAmericas (El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras)
Puran poliStuffed, unleavenedWheat flour; filled with jaggery and Bengal gram2 mm (0.1 in)15 cm (5.9 in)Round, sweetGriddleSouth Asia (Maharashtra)
PuriSingle-layered, unleavenedWheat flour (atta or maida), sometimes additional flours, sometimes shortening; sometimes stuffed1.5–2 mm (0.1–0.1 in)10–15 cm (3.9–5.9 in)Puffy, gold-coloredDeep-friedSouth Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh)
Roomali rotiSingle-layered, unleavenedWheat flour1–1.5 mm (0.0–0.1 in)30 cm (11.8 in)Large, very thin, tenderGriddle (on convex side)South Asia (North India, Central India)
Roti canai / Roti prataUnleavenedThin, layered; similar to parottaFriedSoutheast Asia (Malaysia, Singapore)
RotlaMillet or sorghum flourGriddle (sautéed)South Asia (Gujarat)
Rye flatbreadVariesRye flour5–10 mm (0.2–0.4 in)5 cm (2.0 in)Round (sometimes with hole), crisp, wide range of stylesEurope (Scandinavia, Finland)
SaloufOblongGrillWest Asia (originally Yemen; also Israel)
SamoliSingle-layered, leavened (yeast)Wheat flour, sugar, shortening19 cm (7.5 in) by 15 cm (5.9 in)Resembles a loafWest Asia (Arabian Peninsula)
SamoonDouble-layered, leavenedWest Asia (Iraq)
SanchuisandaEmbersEast Asia (China)
SangakSingle-layered, leavened (sourdough)Wheat flour; topped with sesame or poppy seeds3–5 mm (0.1–0.2 in)70–80 cm (28–31 in) by 40–50 cm (16–20 in)BlisteredOven with heated pebblesWest Asia (Iran)
SchiacciataSingle-layered, leavened (yeast)Wheat flour, olive oil (or strutto)Griddle (testo) covered in embersEurope (Tuscany and Lombardy)
Schüttelbrot[it]Single-layered, leavened (sourdough)Rye and wheat flour, spices such as fenneldata-sort-value=0.3 | 3–15 mm (0.1–0.6 in)10–35 cm (4–14 in)Round, dry, sour, with irregular holesEurope (South Tyrol)
ShamsiSingle-layered, leavened (sourdough)20 cm (7.9 in)Round or squareOven; exposed to sunlight before bakingNorth Africa (Egypt)
ShaobingLeavened (sourdough or yeast)Topped with sesame seedsRound, thick, hand-sized; various stylesBakedEast Asia (China)
SheermalSingle-layered, leavenedWheat flour, milk, sugar; sometimes saffron and cardamom3–4 mm (0.1–0.2 in)15 cm (5.9 in)Round, sweetTandoorSouth Asia (Kashmir)
ShotiTandoorWest Asia (Georgia)
ShrakUnleavenedWheat flour (whole)LargeGriddleWest Asia (Middle East, including Bedouin tribes)
ShuraikSoft, gold-coloredWest Asia (Arabian Peninsula)
Spianata[it]Double-layered, leavened (sourdough)Semolina1 cm (0.4 in)20–30 cm (8–12 in)Round, crustyWood-fired ovenEurope (Sardinia)
TachniftSingle-layered, leavenedNorth Africa Morocco
Tafarnout[fr]Double-layered, leavenedOven with heated pebblesNorth Africa (Berber)
TaftoonSingle-layered, unleavenedWheat flour2 mm (0.1 in)40–50 cm (16–20 in) by 40–50 cm (16–20 in)Round or oval, red-brown, dockedWest Asia (Iran)
TameesSingle-layered, leavened (yeast)Wheat flour, sugar, shortening35 cm (14 in)Round, thick, golden-brown with brown spotsOvenWest Asia (Saudi Arabia)
Tandoor breadVaries (sourdough or yeast)Wheat flour, sodium bicarbonate; sometimes mixed with ground meatWide range of styles (including taftoon and tandoori roti)TandoorWest and South Asia (Middle East, Indian subcontinent, Afghanistan)
Tandoori rotiSingle-layered, unleavenedWheat flour3–8 mm (0.1–0.3 in)15–20 cm (5.9–7.9 in)PuffyTandoorSouth Asia (North India)
TannouriLeavened (sourdough or yeast)Wheat flour24–35 cm (9.4–13.8 in)RoundTandoorWest Asia (Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Iraq, Afghanistan)
Tanok0.1–3.5 cm (0.0–1.4 in)30–40 cm (11.8–15.7 in)Round (usually)Vertical ovenWest Asia (Iran, Afghanistan)
TerabelesiLeavened (yeast)Wheat flour (refined)2 cm (0.8 in)20 cm (7.9 in)Round, docked with square cutsOvenNorth Africa (Tunisia)
TheplaSingle-layered, unleavenedWheat flour, gram flour, fenugreek leaf1–2 mm (0.0–0.1 in)15 cm (5.9 in)Round, thinGriddleSouth Asia (Gujarat)
Torta al testo[it]Single-layered, leavened (sodium bicarbonate)Wheat flour, fat (lard or olive oil)Docked using a forkGriddle (testo) in embersEurope (Umbria)
Tortilla, maizeSingle-layered, unleavenedMaize flour (nixtamalized)2–3 mm (0.1–0.1 in)15 to 20 cm (5.9 to 7.9 in)Round, thin, dense, chewy, light-coloredAmericas (including Mexico, Guatemala)
Tortilla, wheatSingle-layered, unleavenedWheat flour, shortening (lard)3–4.8 cm (1.2–1.9 in)18–25 cm (7.1–9.8 in)Round, bubbly with brown spotsGriddleWorldwide Originally Americas (Mexico, United States)
TunnbrödSingle-layered, leavened (yeast or chemical agent)Wheat and/or rye and/or barley flourRectangular, thinEurope (Sweden)
WrapSingle-layered, leavened (yeast)Wheat flour, improving agents25–30 cm (9.8–11.8 in)Round, large, thinOvenWorldwide
YufkaSingle-layered, unleavenedWheat flour, acid (vinegar or lemon), olive oil1–2 mm (0.0–0.1 in)40–80 cm (16–31 in)Round, cream-colored, crispGriddleWest Asia (Turkey)
Zichi[it]Double-layered, leavened (sourdough)Semolina5 mm (0.2 in)35–40 cm (14–16 in)Stamped; sometimes driedWood-fired ovenEurope (Sardinia)

See also

Notes

Works cited

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