M. G. Ramachandran

Maruthur Gopalan Ramachandran (17 January 1917 – 24 December 1987), popularly known by his initials M. G. R., was an Indian politician, actor, director, film producer, and philanthropist, who served as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu from 1977 until his death in 1987. He was the founder and first general secretary of the political party All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK). He is regarded as one of the most influential politicians of post-independent India, and was known by the epithets Makkal Thilagam (Jewel of the People) and Puratchi Thalaivar (Revolutionary Leader). In March 1988, he was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.

Born in British Ceylon in 1917, Ramachandran's family emigrated later to India. In his youth, he became part of a drama troupe to support the family. After a few years of acting in plays, he made his debut in the Tamil film industry with Sathi Leelavathi in 1936. In a career spanning more than five decades, he acted in more than 135 films, majority of them in Tamil. He was regarded as one of the three biggest male actors of Tamil cinema during the period alongside Sivaji Ganesan and Gemini Ganesan. He won the National Film Award for Best Actor in 1971, three Tamil Nadu State Film Awards, and three Filmfare Awards South.

Ramachandran became part of the Indian National Congress in the late 1930s. In 1953, he became a member of the C. N. Annadurai-led Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK). He rose through its ranks based on his popularity as a film star. In 1972, three years after Annadurai's death, he left the DMK to establish AIADMK. He steered the AIADMK-led alliance to victory in the 1977 assembly election, defeating the DMK in the process, and was sworn in as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu. Except for a four-month interregnum in 1980, he remained as chief minister until his death in 1987 and led the AIADMK to electoral wins in the 1980 and 1984 elections.

In October 1984, Ramachandran was diagnosed with renal failure caused by diabetes, which led to further health problems. Despite undergoing a renal transplant and subsequent treatment at the United States, his condition worsened. He died on 24 December 1987 in his residence in Ramapuram due to a cardiac arrest. On 25 December 1987, his remains were buried at the northern end of the Marina beach, where the MGR Memorial was constructed later. In December 2006, a life-size statue of Ramachandran was unveiled in the Indian Parliament. India Post has released several stamps in his honour, and several establishments and places have been named in his honour including the Chennai Central railway station.

Early life

Ramachandran was born on 17 January 1917 in Nawalapitiya, Kandy District, British Ceylon (now in Sri Lanka) in a Malayali Nair family to Melakkath Gopalan Menon and Maruthur Satyabhama. His family hailed from Palakkad region in the modern-day Indian state of Kerala. Ramachandran later claimed himself to be of Tamil Kongu Vellalar descent, whose ancestors had settled in the Kerala region. His father worked as a magistrate in Kandy, and moved back to India with his family after retirement. He was the youngest of the two sons, and his elder brother was Chakrapani. Ramachandran's father died when he was two and a half years old. Soon after the death of his father, his sister also died due to ill health. After his father's death, their relatives did not support the family, and his mother moved to her brother's house in Kumbakonam. His mother worked as a housemaid to put both her sons through school.

During his school days, Ramachandran joined a drama troupe called Boys Company. He trained himself in various aspects, and took on different roles. With help from Kandasamy Mudaliar, he had a brief acting stint overseas in Rangoon and Singapore, where he took up female roles. He returned to India to rejoin Boys Company, and started playing lead roles.

Acting career

Ramachandran made his film debut in 1936, in the film Sathi Leelavathi, directed by Ellis R. Dungan, an American-born film director. He followed it with minor appearances and supporting roles in many films. He worked for over a decade in various films before he played his first lead role in Rajakumari, which was commercially successful. Ramachandran later delivered various hit films such as Manthiri Kumari and Maruthanad Elavarasee in 1950. He established himself as an action hero in Tamil cinema with Manthiri Kumari (1950) and Marmayogi (1951). His popularity rose with the success of En Thangai (1952) and Malaikkallan (1954).

Ramachandran's 1955 film Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum was the Tamil film industry's first-ever full-length gevacolor film. He acted further in commercially successful films such as Madurai Veeran (1956), Chakravarthi Thirumagal and Mahadevi (both released in 1957). He also directed few films, and his first film as a director and producer was Nadodi Mannan (1958), which became a blockbuster. He later starred in Kalai Arasi (1963), which featured a storyline of aliens visiting the earth. The following year, he appeared in Thozhilali and Padagotti. After starring in numerous commercially successful films, he held a matinée idol status in Tamil Nadu.

Ramachandran was shot in 1967, which permanently changed his voice. His first film to release after his release from the hospital was Arasakattalai, which had been finished earlier. However, he was shooting for the film Kaavalkaaran, when he was shot, and the film had parts featuring his old and new voices across scenes.

Ramachandran won the Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor for the film Kudiyirundha Koyil in 1968 and the National Film Award for Best Actor for Rickshawkaran in 1972. His 1973 film Ulagam Sutrum Valiban was one of the first Tamil films to be filmed abroad, and broke the previous box office records of his films. He later acted in successful films like Netru Indru Naalai (1974), Idhayakkani (1975), and Indru Pol Endrum Vaazhga (1977). His acting career ended in 1978 with his last film being Madhuraiyai Meetta Sundharapandiyan.

Ramachandran remarked there was no question of retirement for anyone associated in whichever capacity with the cine field. Kali N. Rathnam, a pioneer of Tamil stage drama, and K.P. Kesavan were mentors of Ramachandran in his acting career. Ramachandran was often paired with actresses B.Saroja Devi, and J.Jayalalithaa. Jayalalithaa, who later followed him into politics, acted with him in 28 films, with the last film being Pattikaattu Ponnaiya in 1973.

Early political career

Ramachandran was a member of the Indian National Congress till 1953. In 1953, he joined the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), founded by C. N. Annadurai, and became a prominent member of the party. He became a member of the Madras State Legislative Council in 1962.

1967 assassination attempt

On 12 January 1967, actor M. R. Radha, who has worked with Ramachandran in various films visited Ramachandran to discuss a future film project. During the conversation, M. R. Radha stood up and shot Ramachandran near his left ear and then tried to shoot himself. The bullet was lodged behind the first vertebra, and Ramachandran underwent a surgery to remove the bullet. However, a piece of the bullet was left behind as the doctors were apprehensive that it would cause further damage if attempted to be removed.

As a consequence of the surgery, he lost hearing in his left ear and his voice was altered permanently. The bullet piece left behind got dislodged later, and was removed safely, with Ramachandran attributing it to God's grace. He was hospitalised for six weeks and was visited by commoners and people from the film industry, polity and bureaucracy. He conducted his campaign for the 1967 assembly elections from the hospital bed, and was elected to the legislative assembly for the first time. Radha was later sentenced to five years in prison for the incident, and died in 1979.

Differences with Karunanidhi and birth of AIADMK

After the death of his mentor Annadurai, he became the treasurer of the DMK in 1969 after he helped Karunanidhi became the chief minister of the state and president of the party. However, in the early 1970s, the growing popularity of Ramachandran caused a rift with the DMK president and chief minister Karunanidhi. Ramachandran played a key role in the victory of the DMK in the 1971 assembly elections.

Later in the same year, when the DMK government led by Karunanithi wanted to repel the law that was in effect in Tamil Nadu, Ramachandran launched a staunch opposition to it. In 1972, Ramachandran accused that corruption had grown in the DMK after the demise of Annadurai, and demanded the ministers to publicly declare their assets. As a consequence, Ramachandran was expelled from the party temporarily on 10 October 1972, and permanently four days later. On 17 October 1972, Ramachandran became the leader and general secretary of All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK), established by Anakaputhur Ramalingam. He continued to act in films and used cinema as a medium to spread his political messages.

Chief ministership and continued success

First term (1977–1980)

The AIADMK, led by Ramachandran, allied with Congress (I) for the 1977 parliamentary election. Though the combine won 34 of the 39 seats in Tamil Nadu, the Janata party won the election and Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister of India. However, Ramachandran later extended unconditional support to the Janata party government. In the 1977 Tamil Nadu assembly elections, AIADMK allied itself with the Communist Party of India (Marxist), and was part of a four cornered contest against the DMK, the Congress (O) and the Janata Party. The AIADMK-led alliance won the elections by winning 144 seats out of 234 and Ramachandran became the chief minister of Tamil Nadu on 30 June 1977.

Indira Gandhi, the leader of Congress (I) leader, sought re-entry into the Parliament after her expulsion from it on 19 December 1978. She considered contesting Thanjavur by-election in Tamil Nadu, scheduled for 17 June 1979, following the resignation of the AIADMK member S. D. Somasundaram, and sought the support of Ramachandran. Ramachandran, who had reportedly agreed to support her during a meeting in New Delhi on 19 May 1979 with Congress leader G. K. Moopanar, later withdrew his backing citing law-and-order concerns.

In July 1979, after the fall of the Desai-led government, Ramachandran extended his support to the newly formed Charan Singh-led government at the centre, and Aravinda Bala Pajanor and Satyavani Muthu from the AIADMK became part of the Union Cabinet. Karunanidhi claimed in two separate interviews, in April 2009 and in May 2012, that Ramachandran was ready for the merger of his party, AIADMK, with the DMK in September 1979, with Biju Patnaik acting as the mediator. However, the plan failed to materialise as Panruti S. Ramachandran, a close confidante of Ramachandran, acted as a spoiler and Ramachandran later changed his mind. After the fall of the Charan Singh-led government in January 1980, fresh parliamentary elections were called for. The AIADMK–Janata party alliance won only two seats in the elections, with the remaining 37 seats won by the DMK–Congress (I) coalition. Subsequently, the AIADMK-led government was dismissed and the Tamil Nadu assembly was dissolved by the central government led by the Congress in February 1980.

Policies

In 1978, Ramachandran's government introduced the 10+2 system of education by abolishing the PUC and moving higher secondary education to school, based on advice from then education minister C. Aranganayagam. His government also improved educational infrastructure with the addition of laboratories in government schools and improved rural access to schools. The rise in demand for college education led the government to encourage private engineering colleges, with further policies enacted to reserving at least half of the seats in such colleges under an open quota and restricting capitation fees. In July 1979, Ramachandran's government introduced a ₹9,000 (equivalent to ₹230,000 or US$2,700 in 2023) family income ceiling as an economic criterion for availing reservation in educational institutions and later advocated extending reservation to all categories, including the general category, on economic grounds, rather than caste basis. The policy was opposed by Dravidar Kazhagam, with the support of the DMK, and on 21 January 1980, the government withdrew the order and announced an increase in the reservation quota for backward classes to fifty percent.

Second term (1980–1985)

In the 1980 Tamil Nadu assembly elections, the DMK–Congress combined failed to win despite their victory in the earlier 1980 Lok Sabha polls, and the AIADMK, led by Ramachandran, won the election. Ramachandran was sworn in as chief minister for the second time on 9 June 1980.

In the by-election held for the Tiruppattur assembly constituency on 29 November 1981, following the death of the incumbent legislator from the Congress, Ramachandran announced that the AIADMK would not contest and would instead offer support to the opposition Congress. While Ramachandran cited a "democratic principle" that the party which originally won the seat should retain it in the event of a vacancy, the decision was criticised by the Communist Party of India as "politics of convenience" and political commentator Cho Ramaswamy viewed it as an attempt to revive ties with then ruling Congress at the centre.

In February 1983, Ramachandran undertook a fast at Marina Beach, alleging that the central government, led by Indira Gandhi, had failed to supply adequate food grains to Tamil Nadu. The move drew criticism from the Congress and the DMK, who alleged it was a political diversion from the case involving the theft of the golden vel at the Tiruchendur Murugan Temple and the subsequent death of a government official, and aimed at influencing the impending by-election to the Tiruchendur constituency. Ramachandran subsequently visited New Delhi to meet the prime minister, after which he ended his fast, as the issue was reportedly sorted out.

In the first week of October 1984, Ramachandran fainted while attending a ceremony at the Brihadeeswarar Temple in Thanjavur. On 5 October 1984, he was hospitalised due to respiratory distress and renal impairment. The government released regular health updates, while V. R. Nedunchezhiyan performed the function of the chief minister in the interim. Later, Ramachandran was diagnosed with kidney failure as a result of uncontrolled diabetes, which was soon followed by a heart attack and stroke. He was flown to the United States on 5 November 1984, and underwent a kidney transplant at the Downstate Medical Center in New York City on 19 December 1984, with his niece Leelavathy donating one of her kidneys.

While Ramachandran was hospitalised, Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi was assassinated on 31 October 1984, and her son Rajiv Gandhi succeeded her. Rajiv called for fresh elections, and the Ramachandran-led AIADMK allied with Rajiv's Congress for the 1984 Indian general election. Indira Gandhi's assassination, Rajiv Gandhi's visits to the state and Ramachandran's ill health helped create a sympathy wave that helped the AIADMK-Congress alliance sweep the elections with the AIADMK winning 12 seats.

Policies

In August 1980, the Tamil Nadu Police launched Operation Ajantha, a year-long anti-Naxalite operation, which resulted in the killing of 19 Naxalites, and limited the spread of Naxalism in Tamil Nadu, as their influence was expanding across the region.

On 13 November 1980, the state government promulgated an ordinance abolishing the posts of traditional village officers, which were often hereditary roles, and replaced them with village administrative officers, who would be recruited through competitive examinations. The displaced officers were opposed to this and media reports indicated that government records had to be obtained by force from these officers in a few places. Later, revenue minister S. D. Somasundaram announced that ₹50 million (equivalent to ₹1.2 billion or US$14 million in 2023) would be provided as compensation for the 24,000 village officers affected by the rule.

Ramachandran allowed the continued sale of liquor in the state, which he had opposed when the ban on which was overturned by his predecessor Karunanidhi in 1971. He rescinded the ban on toddy in 1981, however, the decision was reversed six years later. He later established the Tamil Nadu State Marketing Corporation in 1983 for the import and sale of foreign made liquor.

In the early 1980s, there were several instances of clashes between Hindus and Christians in Kanyakumari district, with the tensions escalated on 1 March 1982 during the Mondaicaud Amman Temple festival, which resulted in a police firing, and the deaths of six people and injuries to several others. The unrest soon spread to several areas, resulting in additional casualties, and destruction of property. Ramachandran later visited Mondaicaud and the state government appointed a judicial commission, headed by judge Venugopal, to investigate the incident. The government later issued an order on 29 April 1986 based on the report of the Venugopal commission, to constitute a committee of senior officials to curb antisocial elements that incite violence by creating communal, religious, and political tensions in the state.

The Midday Meal Scheme for school students, which had been introduced in 1956 during the tenure of K. Kamaraj, was significantly expanded by Ramachandran in July 1982. It was expanded to cover all government and aided schools for all the days of the year including holidays. The government introduced a free electricity scheme for small and marginal farmers in 1984.

Third term (1985–1987)

Despite flailing health, Ramachandran contested the 1984 assembly election while still confined to the hospital, and won from Andipatti. During the election, photos of Ramachandran recuperating in hospital were published widely in the media, which helped create a sympathy wave amongst the people. In the elections, the AIADMK–Congress combine won 195 of the 234 seats in the assembly. Following his recovery, Ramachandran returned from the United States on 4 February 1985 and was sworn in as the chief minister, for the third time, on 10 February. He remained in the chief minister's office till 24 December 1987.

Policies and governance

Ramachandran was very popular in Tamil Nadu and had high approval from the public. He introduced and expanded welfare schemes and enacted several populist measures. His charisma and popularity often trumped policy decisions and led to his eventual success during his tenure as chief minister.

The decision-making was often centralised during Ramachandran's tenure. While there was criticism regarding the efficiency of such a system, supporters of Ramachandran countered that this was a result of the party members serving Ramachandran's interests rather than theirs. Ramachandran's charisma and popularity trumped policy decisions that led to his eventual success during his tenure as chief minister. The decade-long rule of Ramachandran was marked by an increase in institutional corruption, tensions between the executive and judiciary, and the proliferation of short-term populist welfare schemes. There was a dilution of the Dravidian rhetoric, including a moderation of anti-Hindi sentiments. As per a study by the Madras Institute of Development Studies in 1988, Ramachandran's tenure saw a lower economic growth than the national average, and limited improvement in essential services, in large due to the shift of government resources to social welfare schemes. Ramachandran's government often used the state machinery against political criticism and censored the media. In April 1987, S. Balasubramanian, the editor of Ananda Vikatan, was sentenced to three months in jail and A.M. Paulraj of Vaniga Otrumai, was ordered to serve a two month jail term by the state legislative assembly, for writing against the government. However, they were later released after cases were filed against the legality of the arrest in the courts

Natwar Singh, who served as the minister of state in the external affairs ministry in the mid 1980s, in his autobiography One Life is Not Enough, alleged that Ramachandran covertly supported the cause of independent Tamil Eelam and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), a militant organisation in Sri Lanka. He alleged that the LTTE cadres were given military training in Tamil Nadu, and that Ramachandran had gifted ₹40 million (US$470,000) to the group without the knowledge of the Indian government.

Elections results

Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly

Positions held

Illness and death

From the time of his hospitalisation in October 1984, Ramachandran's health continued to worsen over the next three years, and he had frequent trips to the United States for treatment. He never fully recovered from his health issues and died on 24 December 1987 at 3:30 am in his Ramavaram Garden residence in Manapakkam at the age of 70. His body was kept in state at Rajaji Hall for two days for public viewing. On 25 December 1987, his remains were buried at the northern end of the Marina beach, now called MGR Memorial, adjacent to the Anna Memorial. Around one million people were estimated to have attended his funeral.

Ramachandran's death sparked a frenzy of public rioting over the state, and various shops, cinemas, buses and other public and private property became the target of the violence. The police were given shoot-at-sight orders to bring the situation under control. Schools, colleges and various establishments announced holidays due to the situation. The state of affairs continued for almost a month across Tamil Nadu. Some women allegedly shaved their heads bald, and dressed like widows. A few whipped or self immolated themselves. Violence during the funeral alone left 129 people dead and 47 police personnel wounded.

Personal life

In 1939, Ramachandran married Chitarikulam Bhargavi, who later died in 1942 due to an illness. In late 1942, he married Sadanandavati, who died later due to tuberculosis in 1962. In 1963, he married actress V. N. Janaki, who later became the chief minister of Tamil Nadu after his death. He had no biological children from any of his marriages.

In his early days, Ramachandran was a devout Hindu and a devotee of Murugan and his mother's favourite god, Guruvayurappan. After joining the DMK, he identified himself as a rationalist. He gifted a golden sword weighing half a Kilogram to Mookambika temple in Kollur, Udupi district.

Ramachandran was the founder and editor of Thai weekly magazine and Anna daily newspaper in Tamil.[citation needed] He established Sathya Studios and Emgeeyar Pictures. He offered personal financial donations during disasters and calamities, and donated Rs. 75,000 to the war fund during the Sino-Indian War.

Legacy and honours

Ramachandran was awarded honorary doctorates by The World University in 1974 for his contributions to Indian cinema, and the University of Madras in 1987 for his contributions to public affairs. On 19 March 1988, Ramachandran was posthumously honoured with Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour. He became the third chief minister of the state to receive the award after C. Rajagopalachari and K. Kamaraj. The timing of the award was controversial, and his opponents criticised the central government led by Congress under Rajiv Gandhi to have influenced the decision to give the award to help win the upcoming 1989 Lok Sabha election.

Ramachandran is widely known by the epithets "Makkal Thilagam" (Jewel of the People), "Puratchi Thalaivar" (Revolutionary Leader), and "Ponmana Chemmal" (Generous one) in Tamil Nadu. In 1989, Dr. M. G. R. Home and Higher Secondary School for the Speech and Hearing Impaired was established at his erstwhile residence in Ramapuram, in accordance with his last will and testament written in January 1987. His official residence located at 27, Arcot Street, Thyagaraya Nagar was converted into a memorial house and opened for public viewing. The Dr. MGR-Janaki College of Arts and Science for Women was established in a part of the land that housed Sathya Studios.

A life-size statue of Ramachandran was unveiled on 7 December 2006 in the Parliament House by then Lok Sabha Speaker Somnath Chatterjee. To commemorate Ramachandran's birth centenary in 2017, the Reserve Bank of India issued Rs. 100 and Rs.5 coins that bore his image as a portrait along with an inscription mentioning the event.

Several localities, roads, places, and establishments have been named in his honour. MGR Nagar, a residential neighbourhood in Chennai was named after him. Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus, Salem Central Bus Stand, Tirunelveli New Bus Stand, and M.G.R. Bus Stand at Madurai are named after him. On 5 April 2019, Government of India renamed the Chennai Central railway station as Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central Railway Station to honour him. On 31 July 2020, Central Metro station of the Chennai Metro was renamed after Ramachandran. On 17 October 2021, the AIADMK headquarters in Royapettah was renamed as Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Maaligai by party leaders in memory of the party's founder.

Film awards

In popular culture

Ramachandran's autobiography, "Naan Yaen Piranthen? (Why Was I Born?)", was published in 2003.

The 1997 Tamil film Iruvar, by Mani Ratnam, is based on the rivalry and friendship between Ramachandran and Karunanidhi. Mohanlal played Anandan, the character based on Ramachandran. In the 2019 web series Queen, Indrajith Sukumaran portrayed G. M. Ravichandran, the fictional adaptation of Ramachandran. In the Tamil film Thalaivii (2021), Ramachandran was portrayed by Arvind Swamy.

See also

• M. G. Ramachandran's unrealised projects

Notes

External links

• at IMDb
• at Rotten Tomatoes