Mylodontidae is a family of extinct South American and North American ground sloths within the suborder Folivora of order Pilosa, living from around 23 million years ago (Mya) to 11,000 years ago. This family is most closely related to another family of extinct ground sloths, Scelidotheriidae, as well as to the extant arboreal two-toed sloths, family Choloepodidae; together these make up the superfamily Mylodontoidea. Phylogenetic analyses based on morphology uncovered the relationship between Mylodontidae and Scelidotheriidae; in fact, the latter was for a time considered a subfamily of mylodontids. However, molecular sequence comparisons were needed for the correct placement of Choloepodidae. These studies have been carried out using mitochondrial DNA sequences as well as with collagen amino acid sequences. The latter results indicate that Choloepodidae is closer to Mylodontidae than Scelidotheriidae is. The only other living sloth family, Bradypodidae (three-toed sloths), belongs to a different sloth radiation, Megatherioidea.

The mylodontoids form one of three major radiations of sloths. The discovery of their fossils in caverns associated with human occupation lead some early researchers to theorize that the early humans built corrals when they could procure a young ground sloth, to raise the animal to butchering size. However, radiocarbon dates do not support simultaneous occupation of the site by humans and sloths. Subfossil remains like coproliths, fur and skin have been discovered in some quantities. Mylodontids are the only ground sloths confirmed to have osteoderms embedded within their skin, though osteoderms were only present in a handful of genera (Mylodon, Paramylodon and Glossotherium) and absent in others.

Phylogeny

The following sloth family phylogenetic tree is based on collagen and mitochondrial DNA sequence data (see Fig. 4 of Presslee et al., 2019).

Folivora† Megalocnidae (Caribbean sloths) Mylodontoidea † Scelidotheriidae † Scelidodon sp. † Scelidotherium sp. † Mylodontidae † Lestodon armatus † Paramylodon harlani † Glossotherium robustus † Mylodon darwinii Choloepodidae (two-toed sloths) Choloepus didactylus Choloepus hoffmanni Megatherioidea † Megalonychidae Bradypodidae (three-toed sloths) † Nothrotheriidae † Megatheriidae
† Megalocnidae (Caribbean sloths)
Mylodontoidea † Scelidotheriidae † Scelidodon sp. † Scelidotherium sp. † Mylodontidae † Lestodon armatus † Paramylodon harlani † Glossotherium robustus † Mylodon darwinii Choloepodidae (two-toed sloths) Choloepus didactylus Choloepus hoffmanni Megatherioidea † Megalonychidae Bradypodidae (three-toed sloths) † Nothrotheriidae † Megatheriidae
Mylodontoidea† Scelidotheriidae † Scelidodon sp. † Scelidotherium sp. † Mylodontidae † Lestodon armatus † Paramylodon harlani † Glossotherium robustus † Mylodon darwinii Choloepodidae (two-toed sloths) Choloepus didactylus Choloepus hoffmanni
† Scelidotheriidae † Scelidodon sp. † Scelidotherium sp.
† Scelidotheriidae† Scelidodon sp. † Scelidotherium sp.
† Scelidodon sp.
† Scelidotherium sp.
† Mylodontidae † Lestodon armatus † Paramylodon harlani † Glossotherium robustus † Mylodon darwinii Choloepodidae (two-toed sloths) Choloepus didactylus Choloepus hoffmanni
† Mylodontidae† Lestodon armatus † Paramylodon harlani † Glossotherium robustus † Mylodon darwinii
† Lestodon armatus
† Paramylodon harlani † Glossotherium robustus † Mylodon darwinii
† Paramylodon harlani
† Glossotherium robustus † Mylodon darwinii
† Glossotherium robustus
† Mylodon darwinii
Choloepodidae (two-toed sloths)Choloepus didactylus Choloepus hoffmanni
Choloepus didactylus
Choloepus hoffmanni
Megatherioidea† Megalonychidae Bradypodidae (three-toed sloths) † Nothrotheriidae † Megatheriidae
† Megalonychidae Bradypodidae (three-toed sloths)
† Megalonychidae
Bradypodidae (three-toed sloths)
† Nothrotheriidae † Megatheriidae
† Nothrotheriidae
† Megatheriidae
Mylodontidae fossils at La Plata Museum, Argentina.

Bibliography

  • Woodward, A.S. (1900): On some remains of Grypotherium (Neomylodon) listai and associated mammals from a cavern near Consuelo Cove, Last Hope Inlet. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1900(5): 64–79.

Further reading

  • Brandoni, Diego; Scillato Yané, Gustavo J.; Miño Boilini, Ángel R.; Favotti, Emmanuel (2016). (PDF). Contribuciones del MACN. _: 263–274.
  • Cuvier, G. (1796): Notice sur le squelette d'une très grande espèce de quadrupède inconnue jusqu'à présent, trouvé au Paraguay, et déposé au cabinet d'histoire naturelle de Madrid. Magasin encyopédique, ou Journal des Sciences, des Lettres et des Arts (1): 303–310; (2): 227–228.
  • De Iuliis, G. & Cartelle, C. (1999): A new giant megatheriine ground sloth (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Megatheriidae) from the late Blancan to early Irvingtonian of Florida. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 127(4): 495–515.
  • Harrington, C.R. (1993): . Retrieved 2008-JAN-24.
  • Hogan, C.M. (2008): . Retrieved 2008-APR-13
  • Kurtén, Björn and Anderson, Elaine (1980): Pleistocene Mammals of North America. Columbia University Press, New York. ISBN 0-231-03733-3
  • McKenna, Malcolm C. & Bell, Susan K. (1997): Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York. ISBN 0-231-11013-8
  • Nowak, R.M. (1999): Walker's Mammals of the World (Vol. 2). Johns Hopkins University Press, London.
  • White, J.L. (1993): Indicators of locomotor habits in Xenarthrans: Evidence for locomotor heterogeneity among fossil sloths. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 13(2): 230–242.
  • White, J.L.; MacPhee, R.D.E. (2001). . In Woods, C.A.; Sergile, F.E. (eds.). . Boca Raton, London, New York, and Washington, D.C.: CRC Press. pp. 201–235. doi:. ISBN 978-0-8493-2001-9.

External links

  • Sloth World: An Online Sloth Bibliography
  • Hemet, CA