Pakpak language
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Pakpak, or Batak Dairi, is an Austronesian language of Sumatra. It is spoken in Dairi Regency, Pakpak Bharat Regency, Pakkat, Parlilitan, and Tarabintang districts in Humbang Hasundutan Regency, Manduamas district in Central Tapanuli Regency, Subulussalam City, and Aceh Singkil Regency.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
| Plosive/ Affricate | voiceless | p | t | tʃ | k | |
| voiced | b | d | dʒ | ɡ | ||
| Fricative | s | h | ||||
| Trill | r | |||||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Semivowel | w | j |
- A word-final /k/ can also be heard as a glottal stop [ʔ].
Vowels
- Vowels /i, u, e, o/ can have shortened allophones of [ɪ, ʊ, ɛ, ɔ].
- To differentiate between the three e sounds, [ə, e, ɛ], Manik used ⟨é⟩ for [e], ⟨è⟩ for [ɛ], and ⟨e⟩ for [ə].
Further reading
- Manik, Tindi Radja (1977). (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa.
- Sembiring, Matius C.A.; Aiyub, T.; Amillah, R.; Perangin-angin, P. (1993). [Morphology and Syntax of the Pakpak Dairi Language] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. ISBN 979-459-293-5 – via repositori.kemdikbud.go.id.
- Basaria, Ida (2002). [Morphological Analysis of Pakpak Dairi Language Verbs] (Thesis) (in Indonesian). Universitas Sumatera Utara.
- Kudadiri, Amhar (2010). [Noun Morphology of the Pakpak Language] (Thesis) (in Indonesian). Universitas Sumatera Utara.
- Brakel-Papenhuijzen, Clara (2014). Dairi Stories and Pakpak Storytelling. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. doi:. ISBN 978-90-04-26173-0.
- Pangaribuan, Mintauli (2017). [Morphological Analysis of Transitive Verbs in the Pakpak Dairi Language] (Thesis) (in Indonesian). Universitas Sumatera Utara.