Per Anger

Per Johan Valentin Anger (7 December 1913 – 25 August 2002) was a Swedish diplomat who played a significant role in humanitarian efforts during World War II and had a long career in international diplomacy. Born in Gothenburg, Sweden, he studied law at Uppsala University before beginning his diplomatic career at the Swedish legation in Berlin in 1940. While stationed in Budapest during the German occupation of Hungary, Anger helped organize the issuance of Swedish provisional passports and protective documents to Hungarian Jews, measures that contributed to the rescue efforts later expanded by Raoul Wallenberg.

Following the war, Anger held various diplomatic positions, including postings in Cairo, Addis Ababa, Vienna, Paris, San Francisco, Canberra, and Ottawa, as well as leadership roles within the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs. Throughout his career, he was involved in international aid and humanitarian initiatives and dedicated substantial effort to uncovering the fate of Raoul Wallenberg, meeting with Soviet officials in pursuit of information.

Anger received multiple honors for his work, both in Sweden and internationally. He was recognized as Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem, received the Wallenberg Medal from the University of Michigan, was granted honorary Israeli citizenship, and was awarded Sweden's Illis quorum. His career reflects both his diplomatic service and his commitment to humanitarian principles during and after the war.

Early life

Anger was born on 7 December 1913 in Gothenburg, Sweden, the son of the Director of Public Works David Anger[sv] (1886–1963) and his wife Elsa Berglund (1885–1974), and nephew of the actuary Filip Anger[sv]. Anger completed his reserve officer examination in 1936 and received a Candidate of Law degree from Uppsala University in 1939.

Career

After graduating from university in November 1939, Anger was drafted into the Army. Soon afterwards, the Ministry for Foreign Affairs offered him a trainee position at the Swedish legation in Berlin, which he began in January 1940. Anger was assigned to the trade department, but after the legation received information about an impending Nazi attack on Norway and Denmark, he became involved in relaying intelligence to Stockholm. In June 1941, he returned to Stockholm, where he worked on trade relations between Sweden and Hungary. In November 1942, he was sent to Budapest as second secretary at the Swedish legation.

After Germany invaded Hungary on 19 March 1944, Anger became involved in efforts to aid Hungarian Jews. Anger originated the idea of issuing Swedish provisional passports and special certificates to protect Jews from internment and deportation. Seven hundred of these documents were issued initially. Although the legality of the documents was doubtful, the Hungarian government agreed to recognize their bearers as Swedish citizens. On 9 July, Raoul Wallenberg arrived in Budapest. He immediately extended Anger's initiative, introducing colorful protective passes (Schutzpasse) and creating "safe houses" throughout the city. Anger and Wallenberg worked together, often literally snatching people from transports and death marches. After the Soviets invaded in January 1945, both Anger and Wallenberg were taken into custody. Anger was released three months later, but Wallenberg never emerged again, becoming one of the 20th century's most famous missing persons.

After the war, Anger served as acting second secretary at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs in 1945, second legation secretary in Cairo in 1946, and chargé d'affaires ad interim in Addis Ababa in 1946. He returned as second legation secretary in Cairo in 1948 and also served as second secretary at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs the same year, before becoming first secretary there in 1949. He was first legation secretary in Paris in 1953, in Vienna in 1955, and legation counsellor there in 1957. He then served as Head of Department at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs in 1957 and was appointed consul general in San Francisco in 1961.

In 1966, he was appointed Foreign Affairs Councillor and Head of the Department for International Aid Affairs at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, a post he held until 1969. He served as ambassador to Canberra from 1970 to 1975, worked at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs from 1975 to 1976, and was ambassador to Ottawa from 1976 to 1979, with concurrent accreditation to Nassau, Bahamas, from 1978. He chaired the board of the Swedish Raoul Wallenberg Association from 1979 and served as its president from 1988 to 1995.

Throughout his post-war career, Anger led efforts to learn what happened to Wallenberg, even meeting personally with Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s. In 2000, the Russian government finally acknowledged that Wallenberg and his driver died in Soviet custody in 1947, although the exact circumstances of their deaths remain unclear.

Personal life

In 1943, Anger married the artist Elena Wikström[sv] (1920–2010), the daughter of ryttmästare Nils Wikström and Corinna (née Autenrieth). They had three children: Birgitta (born 1944), Jan (born 1946), and Peter (born 1955).

Death

Anger died on 25 August 2002 in Katarina Parish in Stockholm after suffering a stroke. The funeral service took place on 27 September 2002 in Saint James's Church in Stockholm. He was interred on 7 October 2002 at Norra begravningsplatsen in Stockholm.

Awards and honours

Awards

Swedish

• Sweden Illis quorum, 8th size (2002)
• Sweden Commander 1st Class of the Order of the Polar Star (11 November 1972)
• Sweden Commander of the Order of the Polar Star (6 June 1967)
• Sweden Knight of the Order of the Polar Star (1961)
• Sweden Knight of the Order of Vasa (1945)

Foreign

• Hungary Commander of the Hungarian Order of Merit (1995)
• Iran Commander of the Order of the Crown
• Finland Knight 1st Class of the Order of the White Rose of Finland
• France Officer of the Legion of Honour
• Netherlands Knight of the Order of Orange-Nassau
• Egypt 4th Class of the Order of the Nile
• Austria Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver for Services to the Republic of Austria (1958)

Honors

He was a member of the Order of Coldin[sv].

In 1982, Anger was recognized by Yad Vashem as one of the Righteous Among the Nations.

In 1995, Anger was awarded the Wallenberg Medal by the University of Michigan in recognition of his extraordinary courage and humanitarian commitment.

In 2000, he was awarded honorary Israeli citizenship.

In June 2001, the American Swedish Historical Museum presented him with the Spirit of Raoul Wallenberg Humanitarian Award.

In April 2002, Swedish Prime Minister Göran Persson awarded Anger the Illis quorum Meruere Labores (For Those Whose Labors Have Deserved It) for his actions during and after the war. This is the highest award that can be conferred upon an individual Swedish citizen by the Government of Sweden.

Per Anger Prize

The Per Anger Prize was instituted by the Swedish Government to honor the memory of ambassador Per Anger and is awarded for humanitarian work and initiatives in the name of democracy. The prize is awarded to individuals or groups who have distinguished themselves either in the past or in more recent times. The prize is administered and awarded by the Living History Forum.

Prize winners

Bibliography

• Anger, Per; Lantos, Tom (2005). S Raulem Vallenbergom v Budapešte: vospominanija o voennych godach v Vengrii [With Raoul Wallenberg in Budapest: memories of the war years in Hungary] (in Russian). Translated by Bekker, M. I. Saint Petersburg: Akademičeskij proekt. ISBN 5733103167. SELIBR .
• Anger, Per (1995) [1981]. With Raoul Wallenberg in Budapest: memories of the war years in Hungary (Repr. ed.). Washington, D.C.: Holocaust Library. ISBN 0896041565. SELIBR .
• Anger, Per (1985). Med Raoul Wallenberg i Budapest: minnen från krigsåren i Ungern [With Raoul Wallenberg in Budapest: memories of the war years in Hungary]. Norstedts faktapocket, 99-0515866-9 (in Swedish) (New ed.). Stockholm: Norstedt. ISBN 9118533310. SELIBR .
• Anger, Per (1981). With Raoul Wallenberg in Budapest: memories of the war years in Hungary. New York: Holocaust. ISBN 089604047X. SELIBR .
• Anger, Per (1979). Med Raoul Wallenberg i Budapest: minnen från krigsåren i Ungern [With Raoul Wallenberg in Budapest: memories of the war years in Hungary] (in swe). Stockholm: Norstedt. ISBN 9117934621. SELIBR .{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

See also

• Raoul Wallenberg

Further reading

• Skoglund, Elizabeth (1997). A quiet courage: Per Anger, Wallenberg's co-liberator of Hungarian Jews. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Books. ISBN 0801011256. SELIBR .

External links