Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council

The permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (also known as the Permanent Five, Big Five, or P5) are the five sovereign states to whom the UN Charter of 1945 grants a permanent seat on the UN Security Council: China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States.

The permanent members were all Allies in World War II (and the victors of that war), and are the five states with the first and most nuclear weapons. All have the power of veto, which enables any one of them to block any non-"procedural" Council decision, regardless of its level of international support.

The remaining 10 members of the UN Security Council are elected by the General Assembly, giving a total of 15 UN member states on the Security Council, which convenes meetings at the headquarters of the United Nations in New York City.

There have been various proposals to reform the UNSC, including the introduction of new permanent members for the G4 nations of Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan. The Uniting for Consensus movement, under the leadership of Italy, opposes these bids.

Permanent members

The following is a table of the current permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.

History

Based on the consensus concerning the Security Council's structure agreed upon at the 1944 Dumbarton Oaks Conference and subsequently at UN's founding in 1945, the five permanent members of the Security Council were the French Republic, the Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. There have been two seat changes since then, although these have not been reflected in Article 23 of the UN Charter, as it has not been accordingly amended:

• China's seat was originally held by the Nationalist government of the Republic of China (ROC). However, it lost the Chinese Civil War and retreated to the island of Taiwan in 1949. The Chinese Communist Party won control of Mainland China and established the People's Republic of China (PRC). In 1971, UN General Assembly Resolution 2758 recognised the PRC as the legal representative of China in the UN, and gave it the seat on the Security Council that had been held by the ROC, which was expelled from the UN altogether. Both the ROC and the PRC continue to claim de jure sovereignty over the entirety of China (including Taiwan). However, only 12 states continue to officially recognise the ROC as the sole legitimate government of China.
• After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia was recognised as the legal successor state of the Soviet Union and maintained the latter's position on the Security Council.

Additionally, between the founding of the United Nations and the end of the 20th century, many of the overseas territories of the United Kingdom and France became independent with the breakup of the British Empire and French colonial empire, and France had a reduction in de jure territory with the independence of Algeria in 1962. France maintained its seat as there was no change in its international status or recognition. (During this time, France also reformed its provisional government into the French Fourth Republic in 1946 and into the French Fifth Republic in 1958, both under the leadership of Charles de Gaulle.)

The five permanent members of the Security Council were the victorious powers in World War II and have maintained the world's most powerful military forces ever since. They annually top the list of countries with the highest military expenditures along with India and Germany; in 2011, they spent over US$1 trillion combined on defence, accounting for over 60% of global military expenditures (the US alone accounting for over 40%). They are also among the world's top 10 largest arms exporters and are the only nations officially recognised as "nuclear-weapon states" under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), though there are other states known or believed to be in possession of nuclear weapons.

Veto power

The "power of veto" refers to the veto power wielded solely by the permanent members, enabling them to prevent the adoption of any "substantive" draft Council resolution, regardless of the level of international support for the draft. The veto does not apply to procedural votes, which is significant in that the Security Council's permanent membership can vote against a "procedural" draft resolution, without necessarily blocking its adoption by the council.

The veto is exercised when any permanent member — the so-called "P5" — casts a "negative" vote on a "substantive" draft resolution. Abstention or absence from the vote by a permanent member does not prevent a draft resolution from being adopted.

Expansion

There have been proposals for the introduction of new permanent members. The candidates usually mentioned are Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan. They compose the group of four countries known as the G4 nations, which mutually support one another's bids for permanent seats.

This sort of reform has historically been opposed by Uniting for Consensus, which is composed primarily of nations that are regional rivals and economic competitors of the G4. The group is composed of:

• Italy and Spain (opposing Germany)
• Colombia, Mexico and Argentina (opposing Brazil)
• Pakistan (opposing India)
• South Korea (opposing Japan)
• Canada, Costa Rica, Malta, San Marino, Turkey

Since 1992, Italy and other council members have instead proposed semi-permanent seats or expanding the number of temporary seats. In 2024, the United States proposed the creation of two permanent seats on the Security Council for African countries, in the event of an expansion of the Security Council.

Most of the leading candidates for permanent membership are regularly elected onto the Security Council by their respective groups. Japan was elected for eleven two-year terms, Brazil for ten terms, and Germany for three terms. India has been elected to the council eight times in total, with the most recent successful bid being in 2020.

In 2013, the P5 and G4 members of the UN Security Council accounted for eight of the world's ten largest defence budgets, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI).

Leaders of the permanent members

The following are the heads of state or heads of government that represent the permanent members of the UN Security Council as of 2025[update]:

• Xi Jinping Paramount leader of the People's Republic of China since 15 November 2012
• Emmanuel Macron President of the French Republic since 14 May 2017
• Vladimir Putin President of the Russian Federation since 7 May 2012
• Keir Starmer Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland since 5 July 2024
• Donald Trump President of the United States of America since 20 January 2025

Historical leaders

Comparison

See also

• List of members of the United Nations Security Council
• List of country groupings
• Uniting for Consensus
• Paris Club
• London Club

Relations between permanent members

• China–France relations
• China–Russia relations
• China–United Kingdom relations
• China–United States relations
• France–Russia relations
• France–United Kingdom relations
• France–United States relations
• Russia–United Kingdom relations
• Russia–United States relations
• United Kingdom–United States relations

Notes

Further reading

• Nico J. Schrijver and Niels M. Blokker (eds.). 2020. Brill.com.[full citation needed]
• GPF Staff (April 2005). (PDF). GlobalPolicy.org. Global Policy Forum. Archived from (PDF) on 19 May 2009. This is referred to by some[who?] as the "Italian Model".[citation needed]