The Pumpokolic languages (also known as the Arin-Pumpokol, depending on classification or Pumpolic languages) form one of the principal subgroups of the Yeniseian languages. All constituent languages are now extinct.

Classification

The classification of this group is debated. Most classify Arin and Pumpokol (and eventually Jie) in a Southern Yeniseian subgroup, but more recently linguists have placed Arin in its separate Arinic branch (sometimes placed as a subgroup of Southern Yeniseian), and classify Pumpokol(ic) as a separate branch of Yeniseian.

Arin-Pumpokol model

  • Northern Southern Kott-Assan Arin-Pumpokol Arin Pumpokol (Jie)

Split Arinic/Pumpokolic model

This model is used in Vajda 2024.

  • Yenisei-Ostyak Kottic Arinic Arin Pumpokolic Jie? Pumpokolic

Southern Yeniseian model

This model was introduced in Georg 2007 and used in Hölzl 2018.

  • Northern Pumpokol Southern Assan-Kott Arin

History

According to the Southern Yeniseian theory, Pumpokolic may have split from Yeniseian around the 9th century BCE, and would have extended southward to China in the 4th century (Melas (2022).[user-generated source?] Arin and Pumpokol are then posited to have separated in the 6th century. Arin is believed to have gone extinct in the 1730s and Pumpokol around the early 18th century.

See also

Bibliography

  • Alexander Vovin (2000). Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language?. Central Asiatic Journal.
  • Hölzl, Andreas (29 August 2018). . Studies in Diversity Linguistics. ISBN 978-3-96110-102-3.
  • Carlos Quiles (23 April 2021). . Indo-European.eu.
  • Edward Vajda; Michael D. Fortescue (31 January 2022). . Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004436824. OCLC .
  • Edwin George Pulleyblank (1963). (PDF). Asia Major.