| Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic | White Finland | 29 January 1918 | 5 May 1918 | Established by the Finnish People's Delegation during the Finnish Civil War. Dissolved following the Whites' victory, which resulted in the Reds fleeing to Russia. |
| Hungarian Soviet Republic | First Hungarian Republic | 21 March 1919 | 3 August 1919 | Established by the Hungarian Communist Party during the interwar period. The Soviet Republic would come to an end after the capture of Budapest during Hungarian–Romanian War. |
| Turkey State of Turkey | Ottoman Empire | 23 April 1920 | 1 November 1922 | Established on 23 April 1920 during the Turkish War of Independence in opposition to the Istanbul Government. Led by Mustafa Kemal and the Grand National Assembly in Ankara, it claimed authority over Turkey and organized resistance against both occupying Allied forces and Ottoman collaborators. De facto rivalry ended on 1 November 1922 with the abolition of the sultanate, after which the Ankara government became the recognized central government of the Republic of Turkey. |
| Spanish State | Second Spanish Republic | 1936 | 1939 | Established as a rival government to the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War. After the capture of Madrid, Francisco Franco proclaimed the Spanish State to replace the defeated Spanish Republic. |
| Provisional Democratic Government | Kingdom of Greece | 1947 | 1949 | Established by the Communist Party of Greece in December 1947 during Greek Civil War. It was defeated in 1949 in the Operation Pyrsos and officially dissolved in 1950. |
| People's Republic of China | Republic of China (1912–1949) Republic of China | 1949 | Recognised 1971 | Proclaimed by the Chinese Communist Party in 1949 after its victory in the Chinese Civil War. Gained international recognition with the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 (XXVI). |
| Governments of Imre Nagy | Hungarian People's Republic | 1956 | 1956 | Established by anti-Soviet revolutionaries in opposition to the Soviet-backed Revolutionary Workers'-Peasants' Government of Hungary during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. Suppressed following the Soviet invasion of the country. |
| Indonesia Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia | Indonesia | 1958 | 1961 | Established to combat the Djuanda Cabinet-backed Guided democracy government in Indonesia led by Sukarno, the revolutionary government was eventually defeated and its leaders imprisoned. |
| Free Republic of the Congo | Republic of the Congo | 1960 | 1962 | Established on 12 December 1960 following Patrice Lumumba's deposition during the Congo Crisis. It was soon recognised by Socialist and African countries. In late 1961 and early 1962, the Chamber of Deputies demanded the return of Prime Minister Antoine Gizenga to the capital and military chief Victor Lundula pledged allegiance to the official government and arrested Gizenga ending the government. |
| People's Republic of the Congo | Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) Democratic Republic of the Congo | 1963 | 1965 | Established in August 1964 following the conquest of Stanleyville during the Congo Crisis by the Simba rebels. In 1965, the last rebel strongholds fell. |
| Republic of South Vietnam | South Vietnam Republic of Vietnam | 1969 | 1976 | Established on 8 June 1969 during the Vietnam War in opposition to the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). Administered Viet Cong held areas of South Vietnam. Was recognized as the government of South Vietnam by most socialist states and Malta. Gained complete control of South Vietnam after the Fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. Was disbanded when South Vietnam merged with North Vietnam on 2 July 1976 to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. |
| Democratic People's Republic of Angola | People's Republic of Angola | 1975 | 2002 | Established on 11 November 1975 during the Angolan Civil War by the originally Maoist UNITA. After the death of Jonas Savimbi, UNITA demobilized and became an ordinary political party. |
| People's Republic of Kampuchea | Democratic Kampuchea | 1979 | 1992 | Established by the Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation in opposition to Democratic Kampuchea following the capture of Phnom Penh on 7 January 1979 by Vietnamese forces during the Cambodian–Vietnamese War. Based in Phnom Penh and administered most of Cambodia. The previous regime continued to be recognised as Cambodia's legitimate government by most countries and held the country's seat at the United Nations. The People's Republic of Kampuchea changed its name to the State of Cambodia in 1989 and was disestablished when Cambodia came under United Nations administration in 1992. |
| New Democratic Republic | Peru | 17 May 1980 | 12 September 1992 | Established by Shining Path during the internal conflict in Peru. The rival government, which controlled large amounts of rural areas in the Andean highlands, served as a core element of the group's interpretation of communism, declaring its territories "liberated zones" and promoting the use of communes and collective farms. De facto dissolved following the capture of Abimael Guzmán, which instigated a gradual loss of territory for Shining Path outside small pockets inside the Valle de los Ríos Apurímac, Ene y Mantaro. |
| Philippines Provisional Government of the Philippines | Philippines Fourth Philippine Republic | 22 February 1986 | 25 February 1986 | Created during the People Power Revolution as a response to 1986 Philippine presidential election. Provisional government was later set after Ferdinand Marcos fled the country. |
| Soviet Union State Committee on the State of Emergency | Soviet Union Union of Soviet Socialist Republics | 19 August 1991 | 21 August 1991 | Established on 19 August 1991 during the August Coup by communist hardliners, in opposition to official government of Mikhail Gorbachev. Led by Gennady Yanayev as acting President, it claimed authority over Soviet Union under a state of emergency while de facto controlling key government buildings including Kremlin and military units in Moscow. Committee self-dissolved and members were arrested on 21 August 1991 after failing to seize full control. |
| Russia Supreme Soviet Government | Russia Russian Federation | September 1993 | October 1993 | Established on 21 September 1993 during the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis in opposition to the Yeltsin government. Led by Alexander Rutskoy as Acting President and Ruslan Khasbulatov as Supreme Soviet Chairman, it claimed authority over Russia while de facto controlling only the Russian White House and adjacent streets in Moscow. De facto Disestablished on 4 October 1993 when Yeltsin’s forces stormed the building. |
| Provisional Government of National Union and National Salvation of Cambodia | Kingdom of Cambodia | 1994 | 1998 | Established by remnants of the Khmer Rouge. It was based in the Pailin municipality. Dissolved following Pol Pot's death. |
| Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan | Islamic State of Afghanistan | 1996 | 2001 | Established by the Taliban on 4 April 1996 during the Afghan conflict in opposition to the Islamic State of Afghanistan. Was initially based in Kandahar before capturing Kabul on 27 September 1996 and had gained control of approximately 90% of Afghanistan by the end of 2000. The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan was recognised by Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates as the legitimate government of Afghanistan. The Taliban were forced out of Kabul and Kandahar in 2001 during the United States invasion of Afghanistan. The Taliban maintained an insurgency against the Afghan government and, following a decision by US president Donald Trump to withdraw US forces from Afghanistan beginning in 2020, recaptured Kabul on 15 August 2021. |
| Venezuela Interim government of Pedro Carmona | Venezuela Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela | 12 April 2002 | 13 April 2002 | Established after the failed 2002 Venezuelan coup attempt that subsequently removed Hugo Chávez from presidency. Chávez returned to power hours after the coup. |
| Libya National Transitional Council | Libya Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya | 2011 | 2012 | Established by Anti-Gaddafi forces in February 2011 during the First Libyan Civil War in opposition to the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. Based in Benghazi. Gained control of eastern Libya in March 2011 and captured Tripoli in August 2011. The council gained recognition by numerous states as the legitimate government of Libya and was granted the country's seat in the United Nations in September 2011. Was superseded by the cabinet appointed by the General National Congress elected in 2012. |
| Syrian Interim Government | Syria Ba'athist Syria | 2013 | 2025 | Established by the Syrian National Coalition in March 2013 during the Syrian Civil War in opposition to Ba'athist Syria. Based in Azaz and administered parts of northern Syria. Was absorbed into the Syrian caretaker government in January 2025 following the Fall of the Assad regime. |
| Libya National Salvation Government | Libya State of Libya (Second Al-Thani Cabinet) | 2014 | 2016 | Break-away faction of the General National Congress which did not support the formation of the Second Al-Thani Cabinet, originally founded in September 2014. Based in Tripoli and controlled western Libya. Was recognized as the legitimate government of Libya by Turkey, Sudan, Qatar, and Ukraine. Was initially dissolved and absorbed into the internationally recognized Government of National Accord in April 2016 following the Libyan Political Agreement. |
| Houthi-controlled Yemen (Supreme Revolutionary Committee) | Republic of Yemen | 2015 | 2016 | Established by the Houthis following their takeover of Sanaa in September 2014 during the Yemeni civil war in opposition to the official government. Based in Sanaa and had control over parts of northern and western Yemen. In 2016, it was replaced by the Supreme Political Council. |
| Libya Second Al-Thani Cabinet | Libya State of Libya (Government of National Accord) | 2016 | 2021 | Established by the House of Representatives in September 2014 following the 2014 Libyan parliamentary election. Based in Tobruk and controlled eastern Libya. Was recognized by most countries as the legitimate government of Libya until the establishment of the Government of National Accord in March 2016 following the Libyan Political Agreement. Continued to exist in opposition to the Government of National Accord with limited international recognition until both governments merged into the Government of National Unity following the Libyan Political Dialogue Forum in early 2021. |
| Libya National Salvation Government | Libya State of Libya (Government of National Accord) | 2016 | 2017 | Break-away faction of the General National Congress which did not support the formation of the Government of National Accord following the Libyan Political Agreement. It was reestablished during an attempted coup d'état against the Government of National Accord in October 2016. However, it received no international recognition or support following the coup attempt and was again dissolved and absorbed into the Government of National Accord in March 2017. |
| Syrian Salvation Government | Syria Ba'athist Syria | 2017 | 2024 | Established by Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham in November 2017 during the Syrian Civil War in opposition to Ba'athist Syria. Based in Idlib and administered parts of Idlib Governorate. Was superseded by the Syrian caretaker government in December 2024 following the Fall of the Assad regime. |
| Venezuela Interim government of Juan Guaidó | Venezuela Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela | 23 January 2019 | 5 January 2023 | Led by then National Assembly President Juan Guaidó to challenge Nicolás Maduro government. Despite its lack of power, the government were in charge of national assets abroad due to recognition from 60 governments. The interim government was dissolved On 30 December 2022 and was finalized on 5 January 2023. |
| Myanmar Acting Cabinet of the Committee Representing Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (early) and National Unity Government of Myanmar (currently) | Myanmar Republic of the Union of Myanmar (State Administration Council) | 2021 | 2021 | Established by the Committee Representing Pyidaungsu Hluttaw following the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état and subsequent Myanmar Civil War in opposition to the provisional government appointed by the State Administration Council. Followed by the National Unity Government of Myanmar. |
| Military Committee for Refoundation | Benin Republic of Benin | 2025 | 2025 | A short-lived military junta which controlled areas in Cotonou for some hours and was led by Pascal Tigri. |