Timoric languages
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The Timoric languages are a group of Austronesian languages (belonging to the Central–Eastern subgroup) spoken on the islands of Timor, neighboring Wetar, and (depending on the classification) Southwest Maluku to the east.
Within the group, the languages with the most speakers are Uab Meto of West Timor, Indonesia and Tetum of East Timor, each with about half a million speakers, though in addition Tetum is an official language and a lingua franca among non-Tetum East Timorese.
Languages
Hull (1998) & van Engelenhoven (2009)
Geoffrey Hull (1998) proposes a Timoric group as follows:
- Timoric Timoric A ("Extra-Ramelaic", Fabronic; whatever is not Ramelaic) West: Dawan (Uab Meto)–Amarasi, Helong, Roti (Bilba, Dengka, Lole, Ringgou, Dela-Oenale, Termanu, Tii) Central: Tetun, Bekais, Habu North: Wetar, Galoli East: Kairui, Waimaha, Midiki, Naueti Timoric B ("Ramelaic", near the Ramelau range) West: Kemak, Tukudede Central: Mambai East (Idalaka): Idaté, Isní, Lakalei, Lolein
Van Engelenhoven (2009) accepts Hull's classification, but further includes Makuva and the Luangic–Kisaric languages (Kisar, Romang, Luang, Wetan, Leti) in the Eastern branch of Timoric A.
Taber (1993)
In a lexicostatistical classification of the languages of Southwest Maluku, Taber (1993:396) posits a "Southwest Maluku" branch of the Timoric languages, that comprises all languages of the area, except for West Damar and the Babar languages.
- Timoric (other branches on Timor) Southwest Maluku East Damar Wetar: Talur, Wetar cluster (Aputai, Perai, Tugun, Iliun) Kisar-Roma: Kisar, Roma Luang: Leti, Luang, Wetan TNS (Teun-Nila-Serua): Teun, Nila-Serua (Nila, Serua)
- (other branches of CMP, including Babar languages and West Damar)
Edwards (2021)
Edwards (2021) divides the languages of Timor and Southwest Maluku into two main branches, Central Timor and Timor–Babar:
- Central Timor: Kemak, Tokodede, Mambae, Welaun
- Timor–Babar Helong Rote-Meto West Rote-Meto Dela, Oenale Dengka-Meto Dengka, Lelain Meto Nuclear Rote Tii, Lole Termanu, Ba'a, Korbafo, Bokai, Talae, Keka Bilbaa, Diu, Lelenuk Rikou, Landu, Oepao Lakalei–Idate: Lakalei, Idate Eastern Timor (Kawaimina): Kairui, Waimaha, Midiki, Naueti Wetar–Atauro: Atauran, Galoli, Wetarese Southwest Maluku: Kisar, Roma, Leti, Luang, Wetan, Teun, Nila, Serua, East Damar Babar languages
- Hull, Geoffrey. 1998. "The basic lexical affinities of Timor's Austronesian languages: a preliminary investigation." Studies in Languages and Cultures of East Timor 1:97–202.
- Taber, Mark (1993). "." Oceanic Linguistics, Vol. 32, No. 2 (Winter, 1993), pp. 389–441. University of Hawai'i.
External links
- (part of the )
- (Revised 24.8.2004) Geoffrey Hull