The sea ducks (Mergini) are a tribe of the duck subfamily of birds, the Anatinae. The taxonomy of this group is incomplete. Some authorities separate the group as a subfamily, while others remove some genera. Most species within the group spend their winters near coastal waters. Many species have developed specialized salt glands to allow them to tolerate salt water, but these are poorly developed in juveniles. Some of the species prefer riverine habitats. All but two of the 22 species in this group live in far northern latitudes.

The fish-eating members of this group, such as the mergansers and smew, have serrated edges to their bills to help them grip their prey and are often known as "sawbills". Other sea ducks forage by diving underwater, taking molluscs or crustaceans from the sea floor. The Mergini take on the eclipse plumage during the late summer and molt into their breeding plumage during the winter.

Species

There are twenty-two species in ten genera:

ImageGenusLiving species
Clangula Leach, 1819Long-tailed duck (formerly oldsquaw) (Clangula hyemalis)
Histrionicus Lesson, 1828Harlequin duck (Histrionicus histrionicus)
Polysticta Eyton, 1836Steller's eider (Polysticta stelleri)
Somateria Leach, 1819Spectacled eider (Somateria fischeri) Common eider (Somateria mollissima) King eider (Somateria spectabilis)
Melanitta F. Boie, 1822Common scoter (Melanitta nigra) Black scoter or American scoter (Melanitta americana) (sometimes considered a subspecies of M. nigra) Velvet scoter (Melanitta fusca) White-winged scoter (Melanitta deglandi) (sometimes considered a subspecies of M. fusca) Stejneger's scoter (Melanitta stejnegeri) Surf scoter (Melanitta perspicillata)
Bucephala S.F. Baird, 1858Common goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) Barrow's goldeneye (Bucephala islandica) Bufflehead (Bucephala albeola)
Mergellus Selby, 1840Smew (Mergellus albellus)
Lophodytes Reichenbach, 1853Hooded merganser (Lophodytes cucullatus)
Mergus Linnaeus, 1758Red-breasted merganser (Mergus serrator) †New Zealand merganser (Mergus australis) Common merganser or goosander (Mergus merganser) Brazilian merganser (Mergus octosetaceus) Scaly-sided merganser (Mergus squamatus)
CamptorhynchusLabrador duck (Camptorhynchus labradorius) (extinct)

Below is a phylogeny based on a mitogenomic study of the placement of the Labrador duck and the diving "goose" Chendytes lawi.

MerginiClangula hyemalis Histrionicus histrionicus Polysticta stelleriCamptorhynchus labradorius Somateria fischeri Somateria mollissima Somateria spectabilis Melanitta nigra Melanitta deglandi Melanitta perspicillata Bucephala albeola Bucephala clangula Bucephala islandica Mergellus albellus Mergus serrator Lophodytes cucullatus Mergus merganser Mergus octosetaceus Mergus squamatus
Clangula hyemalis Histrionicus histrionicus Polysticta stelleriCamptorhynchus labradorius Somateria fischeri Somateria mollissima Somateria spectabilis
Clangula hyemalis Histrionicus histrionicus Polysticta stelleriCamptorhynchus labradorius Somateria fischeri Somateria mollissima Somateria spectabilis
Clangula hyemalis
Histrionicus histrionicus Polysticta stelleriCamptorhynchus labradorius Somateria fischeri Somateria mollissima Somateria spectabilis
Histrionicus histrionicus
Polysticta stelleriCamptorhynchus labradorius Somateria fischeri Somateria mollissima Somateria spectabilis
Polysticta stelleriCamptorhynchus labradorius
Polysticta stelleriCamptorhynchus labradorius
Polysticta stelleri
Camptorhynchus labradorius
Somateria fischeri Somateria mollissima Somateria spectabilis
Somateria fischeri
Somateria mollissima Somateria spectabilis
Somateria mollissima
Somateria spectabilis
Melanitta nigra Melanitta deglandi Melanitta perspicillata Bucephala albeola Bucephala clangula Bucephala islandica Mergellus albellus Mergus serrator Lophodytes cucullatus Mergus merganser Mergus octosetaceus Mergus squamatus
Melanitta nigra Melanitta deglandi Melanitta perspicillata
Melanitta nigra Melanitta deglandi Melanitta perspicillata
Melanitta nigra
Melanitta deglandi Melanitta perspicillata
Melanitta deglandi
Melanitta perspicillata
Bucephala albeola Bucephala clangula Bucephala islandica Mergellus albellus Mergus serrator Lophodytes cucullatus Mergus merganser Mergus octosetaceus Mergus squamatus
Bucephala albeola Bucephala clangula Bucephala islandica
Bucephala albeola Bucephala clangula Bucephala islandica
Bucephala albeola
Bucephala clangula Bucephala islandica
Bucephala clangula
Bucephala islandica
Mergellus albellus Mergus serrator Lophodytes cucullatus Mergus merganser Mergus octosetaceus Mergus squamatus
Mergellus albellus Mergus serrator Lophodytes cucullatus Mergus merganser Mergus octosetaceus Mergus squamatus
Mergellus albellus
Mergus serrator Lophodytes cucullatus Mergus merganser Mergus octosetaceus Mergus squamatus
Mergus serrator
Lophodytes cucullatus
Mergus merganser Mergus octosetaceus Mergus squamatus
Mergus merganser
Mergus octosetaceus Mergus squamatus
Mergus octosetaceus
Mergus squamatus