Selaginella

Selaginella, also known as spikemosses or lesser clubmosses, is a genus of lycophyte. It is usually treated as the only genus in the family Selaginellaceae, with over 750 known species.

This family is distinguished from Lycopodiaceae (the clubmosses) by having scale-leaves bearing a ligule and by having spores of two types. They are sometimes included in an informal paraphyletic group called the "fern allies". The species S. moellendorffii is an important model organism. Its genome has been sequenced by the United States Department of Energy's Joint Genome Institute. The name Selaginella was erected by Palisot de Beauvois solely for the species Selaginella selaginoides, which turns out (with the closely related Selaginella deflexa) to be a clade that is sister to all other Selaginellas, so any definitive subdivision of the species into separate genera leaves two taxa in Selaginella, with the hundreds of other species in new or resurrected genera.

Selaginella occurs mostly in the tropical regions of the world, with a handful of species to be found in the arctic-alpine zones of both hemispheres. Fossils assignable to the modern genus are known spanning over 300 million years from the Late Carboniferous to the present.

Description

Selaginella species are creeping or ascendant plants with simple, scale-like leaves (microphylls) on branching stems from which roots also arise. The stems are aerial, horizontally creeping on the substratum (as in Selaginella kraussiana), sub-erect (Selaginella trachyphylla) or erect (as in Selaginella erythropus). The vascular steles are polystelic protosteles. Stem section shows the presence of more than two protosteles. Each stele is made up of diarch (having two strands of xylem) and exarch (growing outward in) xylems.[citation needed] The steles are connected with the cortex by means of many tube-like structures called trabeculae, which are modified endodermal cells with casparian strips on their lateral walls.[citation needed] The stems contain no pith.[citation needed]

In Selaginella, each microphyll and sporophyll has a small scale-like outgrowth called a ligule at the base of the upper surface. The plants are heterosporous with spores of two different size classes, known as megaspores and microspores. In Selaginella rupestris fertilization takes place while the megaspore is still attached to the parent plant, and is only released after the embryo has produced cotyledons and a root.

Unusual for the lycopods, which nearly always have microphylls with a single unbranched vein, the microphylls of a few Selaginella species contain a branched vascular trace.

Under dry conditions, some species of Selaginella can survive dehydration. In this state, they may roll up into brown balls and be uprooted, but can rehydrate under moist conditions, become green again and resume growth. This phenomenon is known as poikilohydry, and poikilohydric plants such as Selaginella bryopteris are sometimes referred to as resurrection plants.

There is no evidence of whole genome duplication in Selaginella's evolutionary history. Instead they have gone through tandem gene duplications, which is particularly noticeable in genes relevant for desiccation tolerance.[jargon]

Their chloroplasts are missing about two-thirds of their plastidial tRNA genes, which are instead found in the genome of the nucleus. The genus is unique among vascular plants in having species with monoplastidic cells, single giant chloroplasts, located mostly in their dorsal epidermal cells, but also in the upper mesophyll of some species. This appears to be a derived traits and an adaptation to low-light conditions, having originated at least twice. Cells with multiplastidic chloroplasts, more than ten chloroplasts per cell, are considered most basal, and are found in species exposed to more light. Oligoplastidic cells, cells with 3 to ten chloroplasts, are more adated to weaker light, and the monoplastidic species being the most shade-loving forms. It is estimated that 70% of Selaginella species are monoplastidic. These receive just 0.4~2.1% of full sunlight, while species with multiple chloroplasts live in open places where they on average receive more than 40.5% of full sunlight.

Taxonomy

Some scientists still place the Selaginellales in the class Lycopodiopsida (often misconstructed as "Lycopsida").[citation needed] Some modern authors recognize three generic divisions of Selaginella: Selaginella, Bryodesma Sojak 1992, and Lycopodioides Boehm 1760. Lycopodioides would include the North American species S. apoda and S. eclipes, while Bryodesma would include S. rupestris (as Bryodesma rupestre). Stachygynandrum is also sometimes used to include the bulk of species.

The first major attempt to define and subdivide the group was by Palisot de Beauvois in 1803–1805. He established the genus Selaginella as a monotypic genus, and placed the bulk of species in Stachygynandrum. Gymnogynum was another monotypic genus, but that name is superseded by his own earlier name of Didiclis. This turns out, today, to be a group of around 45–50 species also known as the Articulatae, since his genus Didiclis/Gymnogynum was based on Selaginella plumosa. He also described the genus Diplostachyum to include a group of species similar to Selaginella apoda. Spring inflated the genus Selaginella to hold all selaginelloid species four decades later.

Phylogenetic studies by Korall & Kenrick determined that the Euselaginella group, comprising solely the type species, Selaginella selaginoides and a closely related Hawaiian species, Selaginella deflexa, is a basal and anciently diverging sister to all other Selaginella species. Beyond this, their study split the remainder of species into two broad groups, one including the Bryodesma species, the Articulatae, section Ericetorum Jermy and others, and the other centered on the broad Stachygynandrum group.

In 2023, Zhou & Zhang suggested that the genus should be broken up into 19 different genera.

Zhang & Zhou, 2015 classification

• subgenus: Selaginella Type: S. selaginoides (L.) P.Beauv. ex Mart. & Schrank
• subgenus: Boreoselaginella Type: S. sanguinolenta (L.) Spring
• subgenus: Ericetorum Type: S. uliginosa (Labill.) Spring section: Lyallia Type: S. uliginosa (Labill.) Spring section: Myosurus Type: S. myosurus Alston section: Megalosporarum Type: S. exaltata (Kunze) Spring section: Articulatae Type: S. kraussiana (Kunze) A.Braun section: Homoeophyllae Type: S. rupestris (L.) Spring (=Bryodesma Sojak or Tetragonostachys Jermy) section: Lepidophyllae Type: S. lepidophylla (Hook. & Grev.) Spring
• subgenus: Pulviniella Type: S. pulvinata (Hook. & Grev.) Maxim
• subgenus: Heterostachys Type: S. heterostachys Baker section: Oligomacrosporangiatae Type: Selaginella uncinata (Desv. ex Poir.) Spring section: Auriculatae Type: S. douglasii (Hook. & Grev.) Spring section: Homostachys Type: : S. helvetica (L.) Link section: Tetragonostachyae Type: S. proniflora (L.) Baker section: Heterostachys Type: S. brachystachya (Hook. & Grev.) Spring
• subgenus: Stachygynandrum Type: S. flabellata (L.) Spring section: Plagiophyllae Type: S. biformis A.Braun ex Kuhn section: Circinatae Type: S. involvens (Sw.) Spring section: Heterophyllae Type: S. flexuosa Spring section: Austroamericanae Type: S. hartwegiana Spring section: Pallescentes Type: S. pallescens (C.Presl) Spring section: Proceres Type: S. oaxacana Spring section: Ascendentes Type: S. alopecuroides Baker

Species

There are about 750 known species of Selaginella. They show a wide range of characters; the genus is overdue for a revision which might include subdivision into several genera. Species of spikemoss include:

• Selaginella apoda – meadow spikemoss; eastern North America
• Selaginella arizonica Maxon – west Texas to Arizona and Sonora, Mexico
• Selaginella asprella
• Selaginella bifida – Rodrigues Island
• Selaginella biformis
• Selaginella bigelovii
• Selaginella braunii – Braun's spikemoss; China
• Selaginella bryopteris – sanjeevani; India
• Selaginella canaliculata – clubmoss; southeast Asia, Maluku Islands
• Selaginella carinata
• Selaginella cinerascens
• Selaginella densa – lesser spikemoss; western North America
• Selaginella denticulata
• Selaginella eclipes – hidden spikemoss; eastern North America
• Selaginella elmeri
• Selaginella eremophila Maxon
• Selaginella erythropus
• Selaginella galotteii
• Selaginella gigantea – From Venezuela.
• Selaginella hansenii
• Selaginella kraussiana – Krauss's spikemoss; Africa, Azores
• Selaginella lepidophylla – resurrection plant, dinosaur plant, and flower of stone; Chihuahuan Desert, North America
• Selaginella martensii – variegated spikemoss
• Selaginella moellendorffii
• Selaginella oregana
• Selaginella plana – Asian spikemoss; tropical Asia
• Selaginella poulteri
• Selaginella pulcherrima
• Selaginella rupestris – rock spikemoss, festoon pine, and northern Selaginella (eastern North America)
• Selaginella rupincola Underw. – west Texas to Arizona and Sonora, Mexico
• Selaginella selaginoides – lesser clubmoss; north temperate Europe, Asia and North America)
• Selaginella sericea A.Braun – Ecuador
• Selaginella serpens
• Selaginella sibirica
• Selaginella stellata – starry spikemoss; Mexico, Central America
• Selaginella substipitata
• Selaginella tamariscina
• Selaginella tortipila
• Selaginella uliginosa – Australia
• Selaginella umbrosa
• Selaginella uncinata – peacock moss, peacock spikemoss, blue spikemoss
• Selaginella underwoodii Hieron. – west Texas to Wyoming and west into Arizona
• Selaginella wallacei
• Selaginella watsonii
• Selaginella willdenowii – Willdenow's spikemoss, peacock fern; southeast Asia

A few species of Selaginella are desert plants known as "resurrection plants", because they curl up in a tight, brown or reddish ball during dry times, and uncurl and turn green in the presence of moisture. Other species are tropical forest plants that appear at first glance to be ferns.

Cultivation

A number of Selaginella species are popular plants for cultivation, mostly tropical species. Some of the species popularly cultivated and actively available commercially include:

• S. kraussiana: golden clubmoss
• S. martensii: frosty fern
• S. moellendorffii: gemmiferous spikemoss
• S. erythropus: red selaginella or ruby-red spikemoss
• S. uncinata: peacock moss
• S. lepidophylla: resurrection plant
• S. braunii: arborvitae fern

Gallery

• Selaginella pallescens
• Selginella flabellata.
• Selaginella lepidophylla
• Selaginella × neomexicana
• Selaginella willdenovii

External links

• Media related to Selaginella at Wikimedia Commons
• Data related to Selaginella at Wikispecies