Timeline of hypertext technology
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This article presents a timeline of hypertext technology, including "hypermedia" and related human–computer interaction projects and developments from ancient times and up to the present day. The term hypertext is credited to the author and philosopher Ted Nelson.
See also Graphical user interface, Multimedia; also Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine's Mundaneum, a massively cross-referenced card index system established in 1910.
700 BCE–600 CE
- 700 BCE–300 CE Ramayana
- 300 BCE–400 CE Mahabharata
- 300–600 CE Talmud
1930s
- 1939 James Joyce's "Finnegans Wake"
1940s
- 1941 Jorge Luis Borges' "The Garden of Forking Paths"
- 1945 Memex (concept by Vannevar Bush)
1960s
- 1960 Project Xanadu (concept)
- 1962 Marshall McLuhan's The Gutenberg Galaxy uses the term surfing
- 1967 Hypertext Editing System (HES) by Andries van Dam and Ted Nelson at Brown University
- 1968 FRESS (File Retrieval and Editing System, successor to HES) NLS (oN-Line System)
1970s
- 1972 ZOG
- 1973 Xerox Alto desktop
- 1976 PROMIS
- 1978 Aspen Movie Map
- 1979 PERQ
1980s
- 1980 ENQUIRE (not released)
- 1981 Electronic Document System (EDS, aka Document Presentation System) Kussmaul Encyclopedia Xerox Star desktop
- 1982 Guide
- 1983 Knowledge Management System (KMS, successor to ZOG) TIES (The Interactive Encyclopedia System, later HyperTies)
- 1984 NoteCards
- 1985 Intermedia (successor to FRESS and EDS) Symbolics Document Examiner (Symbolics workstations) Grolier Academic American Encyclopedia CD-ROM Edition
- 1986 Texinfo TextNet (a network-based approach to text handling) Neptune (a hypertext system for CAD applications)
- 1987 Macromedia Authorware Canon Cat ("Leap" function, interface) HyperCard Knowledge Navigator (concept described by former Apple Computer CEO John Sculley in his book Odyssey) Storyspace
- 1988 Microcosm (hypermedia system) (University of Southampton)
- 1989 Macromedia Director , Tim Berners-Lee, CERN
1990s
- 1990 DynaText World Wide Web Hyperland (BBC documentary written by Douglas Adams) ToolBook HyTelnet WinHelp
- 1991 Gopher AmigaGuide
- 1995 Wiki
- 1996 Hyperwire (Kinetix)
- 1998 Everything2 XML
- 1999 RSS
2000s
- 2001 Wikipedia
- 2005 Atom (web standard)
- 2014 OpenXanadu, an implementation of Project Xanadu
- 2019 Gemini, a lightweight complement to the Web