Transition metal chloride complex
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In chemistry, a transition metal chloride complex is a coordination complex that consists of a transition metal coordinated to one or more chloride ligand. The class of complexes is extensive.
Bonding
Halides are X-type ligands in coordination chemistry. They are both σ- and π-donors. Chloride is commonly found as both a terminal ligand and a bridging ligand. The halide ligands are weak field ligands. Due to a smaller crystal field splitting energy, the homoleptic halide complexes of the first transition series are all high spin. Only [CrCl6]3− is exchange inert.
Homoleptic metal halide complexes are known with several stoichiometries, but the main ones are the hexahalometallates and the tetrahalometallates. The hexahalides adopt octahedral coordination geometry, whereas the tetrahalides are usually tetrahedral. Square planar tetrahalides are known for Pd(II), Pt(II), and Au(III). Examples with 2- and 3-coordination are common for Au(I), Cu(I), and Ag(I).
Due to the presence of filled pπ orbitals, halide ligands on transition metals are able to reinforce π-backbonding onto a π-acid. They are also known to labilize cis-ligands.
Homoleptic complexes
Homoleptic complexes (complexes with only chloride ligands) are often common reagents. Almost all examples are anions.
1st row
| Complex | colour | electron config. | structure | geometry | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TiCl4 | colourless | (t2g)0 | tetrahedral | ||
| [Ti2Cl9]− | white/colourless | d0d0 | face-sharing bioctahedron | Ti-Cl(terminal) = 2.23 Å, 2.45 (terminal) (N(PCl3)2)+ salt) | |
| [Ti2Cl9]3- | orange | (t2g)1(t2g)1 | face-sharing bioctahedron | Ti-Ti =3.22 Å Ti-C1(terminal) = 2.32-2.35 Å, Ti-Cl(bridge) = 2.42-2.55 Å ((NEt4+)3)3 salt) | |
| [Ti2Cl10]2− | colourless | d0d0 | bioctahedral | ||
| [Ti3Cl12]3- | green | (t2g)1(t2g)1(t2g)1 | face-sharing trioctahedron | Ti-Ti = 3.19, 3.10 Å (terminal) Ti-C1(terminal) = 2.36 Å (terminal), Ti-Cl(bridge) = 2.50 Å ((PPh4+)3)3 salt) | |
| [TiCl6]2− | yellow | d0 | octahedral | PPh4+ salt Ti-Cl = 2.33 Å | |
| VCl4 | red | (t2g)1 | tetrahedral | V1−Cl = 2.29 Å | |
| V2Cl10 | violet | (t2g)0 | edge-shared bioctahedron | V1−Cl(bridging) = 2.48 Å V1−Cl(terminal) = 2.16-2.21 Å | |
| [VCl6]2- | red | (t2g)1 | octahedral | V1−Cl = 2.29 Å | |
| [CrCl6]3− | pink | (t2g)3 | octahedral | ||
| [Cr2Cl9]3− | red | (d3)2 | face-sharing bioctahedron | Cr-Cl(terminal) = 2.31 Å, 2.42 (terminal) (Et2NH2+ salt) | |
| [MnCl4]2− | pale pink to white | (eg)2(t2g)3 | tetrahedral | Mn-Cl bond length = 2.3731-2.3830 Å | |
| [MnCl6]2− | dark red | (t2g)3(eg)1 | octahedral | Mn-Cl distance = 2.28 Å K+ salt) salt is isostructural with K2PtCl6 | |
| [MnCl6]3− | brown | (t2g)3(eg)1 | octahedral | ||
| [Mn2Cl6]2− | yellow-green | (eg)2(t2g)3 | bitetrahedral | Mn-Cl(terminal) bond length = 2.24 Å Mn-Cl(terminal) bond length = 2.39 Å (PPN+)2 salt | |
| [Mn3Cl12]6− | pink | (t2g)3(eg)2 | cofacial trioctahedron | Mn-Cl distance = --- Å [(C(NH2)3]+6 salt | |
| [FeCl4]2− | cream | (eg)3(t2g)3 | tetrahedral((Et4N+)2 salt) | ||
| [FeCl4]− | (eg)2(t2g)3 | tetrahedral | Fe-Cl bond length = 2.19 Å | ||
| [FeCl6]3− | orange | (t2g)3(eg)2 | octahedral | ||
| [Fe2Cl6]2− | pale yellow | (eg)2(t2g)3 | bitetrahedral | Fe-Cl(terminal) bond length = 2.24 Å Fe-Cl(terminal) bond length = 2.39 Å (PPN+)2 salt | |
| [CoCl4]2− | blue | (eg)4(t2g)3 | tetrahedral | ||
| [Co2Cl6]2− | blue | (eg)4(t2g)3 | bitetrahedral | Mn-Cl(terminal) bond length = 2.24 Å Co-Cl(terminal) bond length = 2.35 Å (PPN+)2 salt | |
| [NiCl4]2− | blue | (eg)4(t2g)4 | tetrahedral | Ni-Cl bond length = 2.28 Å (Et4N+)2 salt | |
| [Ni3Cl12]6− | orange | (t2g)6(eg)2 | confacial trioctahedral | ((Me2NH2+)2)8 salt double salt with two Cl− Ni-Cl bond length = 2.36-2.38 Å | |
| [CuCl4]2− | orange yellow (flattened tetrahedral) green (square planar) | (t2g)6(eg)3 | flattened tetrahedral or square planar | Cu-Cl bond length = 2.24 Å | |
| [Cu2Cl6]2− | red | [(t2g)6(eg)3]2 | edge-shared bis(square planar) | Cu-Cl(terminal) = 2.24 Å Cu-Cl(bridging) = 2.31 Å | |
| [ZnCl4]2− | white/colorless | d10 | tetrahedral |
2nd row
Some homoleptic complexes of the second row transition metals feature metal-metal bonds.
| Complex | colour | electron config. | structure | geometry | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [ZrCl6]2− | yellow | d0 | octahedral | Zr-Cl distance = 2.460 Å (Me4N+)2 salt | |
| [Zr2Cl10]2− | colorless | (d0)2 | edge-shared bioctahedral | Zr-Cl = 2.36 Å (terminal), 2.43 Å (bridging) N(PCl3)2)+ salt | |
| Nb2Cl10 | yellow | (d0)2 | edge-shared bioctahedral [Nb2Cl10] | 3.99 Å | |
| [NbCl6]− | yellow | d0 | octahedral | Nb-Cl = 2.34 Å N(PCl3)2)+ salt | |
| [Nb6Cl18]2− | black | (d2)4(d3)2 (14 cluster electrons) | cluster Nb---Nb bonding | Nb-Cl = 2.92 Å (K+)2 salt | |
| MoCl6 | black | d0 | octahedron | Mo−Cl = 2.28 -2.31 Å | |
| [MoCl6]2− | yellow | (t2g)2 | octahedron | Mo−Cl = 2.37, 2.38, 2.27 Å | |
| [MoCl6]3− | pink | (t2g)3 | octahedral | ||
| [Mo2Cl8]4− | purple | 2(d4) | Mo-Mo quadruple bond | ||
| [Mo2Cl9]3− | 2(d3) | face-shared bioctahedral | Mo-Mo (triple) bond length = 2.65 Å Mo-Cl (terminal) bond length = 2.38 Å Mo-Cl (bridging) bond length = 2.49 Å | ||
| Mo2Cl10 | green | (d1)2 | edge-sharing bioctahedra | ||
| [Mo2Cl10]2− | (d2)2 | edge-sharing bioctahedra | |||
| [Mo5Cl13]2− | brown | d2d2d2d2d3 | incomplete octahedron | ||
| [Mo6Cl14]2− | yellow | d4 | octahedral cluster | (4-HOPyH+)2 salt | |
| [TcCl6]2− | yellow | (t2g)3 | octahedron | Tc-Cl = 2.35 Å for As(C6H5)4+ salt | |
| [Tc2Cl8]2− | green | (t2g)4 | Tc-Tc quadruple bond | Tc-Tc = 2.16, Tc-Cl = 2.34 Å for NBu4+ salt | |
| [RuCl6]2− | brown | (t2g)4 | octahedral | (EtPPh3+)2 salt | |
| [Ru2Cl9]3− | red | [(t2g)5]2 | cofacial bioctahedral | Ru-Ru bond length = 2.71 Å; Ru-Cl(terminal) = 2.35 Å, Ru-Cl(bridging) = 2.36 Å ((Et4N)+)3 salt | |
| [Ru3Cl12]4− | green | (d5)2(d6) | cofacial trioctahedral | Ru-Ru bond lengths = 2.86 Å Ru-Cl bond lengths = 2.37-2.39 Å (Et4N+)2(H7O3+)2 salt | |
| [RhCl6]3− | red | (t2g)6 | octahedral | H2N+(CH2CH2NH3+)2 salt) | |
| [Rh2Cl9]3− | red-brown | (t2g)6 | octahedral | Rh-Cl(terminal) = 2.30 Å, Rh-Cl(terminal) = 2.40 Å ((Me3CH2Ph)+)3 salt) | |
| [PdCl4]2− | brown | d8 | square planar | ||
| [Pd2Cl6]2− | red ((Et4N+)2 salt) | d8 | square planar | ||
| [Pd3Cl8]2− | orange brown ((Bu4N+)2 salt) | d8 | square planar | ||
| [PdCl6]2− | brown | d6 | octahedral | Pd(IV) | |
| [Pd6Cl12] | yellow-brown | d8 | square planar | ||
| [AgCl2]− | white/colorless | d10 | linear | salt of [K(2.2.2-crypt)]+ | |
| [CdCl4]2− | white/colorless | d10 | tetrahedral | Et4N+ salt, Cd-Cl distance is 2.43 Å | |
| [Cd2Cl6]2− | white/colorless | d10 | edge-shared bitetrahedron | (C6N3(4-C5H4N)33+ salt | |
| [Cd3Cl12]6− | white/colorless | d10 | octahedral (central Cd) pentacoordinate (terminal Cd's) cofactial trioctahedral | (C6N3(4-C5H4N)33+ salt (3,8-Diammonium-6-phenylphenanthridine3+)2 | |
| [Cd6Cl19]7− | white/colorless | d10 | octahedron of octahedra | 4,4'-(C6H3(2-Et)NH3+)2 salt |
3rd row
| Complex | colour | electron config. | structure | geometry | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [HfCl6]2− | white | d0 | octahedral | Hf-Cl distance = 2.448 A ((Me4N+)2 salt) | |
| [Hf2Cl10]2− | colorless/white | d0 | edge-shared bioctahedral | ||
| [Hf2Cl9]− | colorless/white | (d0)2 | face-shared bioctahedral | ||
| [TaCl5] | white | d0 | edge-shared bioctahedral | ||
| [TaCl6]− | white/colourless | d0 | octahedral | Ta-Cl = 2.34 Å (N(PCl3)2)+ salt) | |
| [Ta6Cl18]2- | green | d0 | octahedral | Ta-Ta = 2.34 Å (H+2 salt hexahydrate | |
| WCl6 | blue | d0 | octahedral | 2.24–2.26 Å | |
| [WCl6]2− | (t2g)2 | octahedral | W-Cl distances range from 2.34 to 2.37 Å (PPh4+ salt) | ||
| [WCl6]− | (t2g)1 | octahedral | W-Cl distance = 2.32 Å (Et4N+ salt) | ||
| W2Cl10 | black | (t2g1)2 | bioctahedral | W-W distance = 3.814 Å | |
| [W2Cl8]4− | blue | 2(d4) | W-W quadruple bond | dW-W = 2.259 Å [Na(tmeda)+]4 salt | |
| [W2Cl9]2− | d3d2 | face-sharing bioctahedral | W-W distance = 2.54 Å W-Cl(terminal) = 2.36 Å, W-Cl(bridge) = 2.45 Å ((PPN+)2 salt) | ||
| [W2Cl9]3− | d3d3 | octahedral | W-Cl distance = 2.32 Å (Et4N+ salt) | ||
| [W3Cl13]3− | d3,d3,d4 | [W3(μ3-Cl)(μ-Cl)3Cl9]3- | W-W distances = 2.84 Å | ||
| [W3Cl13]2− | d3,d4,d4 | [W3(μ3-Cl)(μ-Cl)3Cl9]2- | W-W distances = 2.78 Å | ||
| [W6Cl14]2- | yellow | (d4)6 | see Mo6Cl12 | ||
| [ReCl6]− | red-brown | (t2g)2 | octahedral | Re-Cl distance = 2.24-2.31 Å (PPh4+ salt) | |
| [ReCl6] | (t2g)1 | octahedral | Re-Cl distance = 2.263(6) Å | ||
| [ReCl6]2− | green | (t2g)3 | octahedral | Re-Cl distance = 2.35-2.38 Å ((PPN+)2 salt) | |
| [Re2Cl9]2− | (t2g)3(t2g)4 | face-sharing bioctahedral | Re-Re distance = 2.48 Å Re-Cl distances = 2.42 Å (bridge), 2.33 Å (terminal) ((Et4N+)2 salt) | ||
| [Re2Cl9]− | ((t2g)3)2 | face-sharing bioctahedral | Re-Re distance = 2.70 Å Re-Cl distances = 2.41 (bridge), 2.28 Å (terminal) (Bu4N+ salt) | ||
| [OsCl6]− | dark green | (t2g)3 | octahedral | dOs-Cl = 2.30 Å for Et4N+ and Ph4P+ salts | |
| [OsCl6]2− | yellow-orange | (t2g)4 | octahedral | Os-Cl distance 2.33 Å | |
| [Os2Cl8]2− | green | (d5)2 | square antiprism | dOs-Os = 2.182 Å, dOs-Cl = 2.32 Å (Bu4N+)2 salt | |
| [Os2Cl10]2− | green | (d4)2 | octahedral | dOs-Cl(terminal) = 2.30 Å dOs-Cl(bridging) = 2.42 Å (Et4N+)2 salt | |
| [IrCl6]3− | red | (t2g)6 | octahedral | Ir-Cl = 2.36 Å | |
| [IrCl6]2− | brown | (t2g)5 | octahedral | Ir-Cl = 2.33 Å | |
| [Ir2Cl9]3− | - | ((t2g)6)2 | bi-octahedral | ||
| [PtCl4]2− | pink | d8 | square planar | ||
| [PtCl6]2− | yellow | d6 | octahedral | Pt-Cl distance = 2.32 Å Et4N+ salt, ((Me4N+)2 salt) | |
| [Pt2Cl9]− | red (Bu4N+ salt) | ((t2g)6)2 | octahedral | Pt-Clt and Pt-Clbridge = 2.25, 2.38 Å | |
| [Pt2Cl10]2− | yellow-brown (PPN+ salt) | ((t2g)6)2 | edge-shared bioctahedral | Pt-Clt and Pt-Clbridge = 2.27, 2.37 Å | |
| [Pt6Cl12] | yellow-brown | (d8)6 | square planar | Pt-Cl = 2.31 | |
| [AuCl2]− | white/colorless | d10 | linear | Au-Cl distances of 2.28 Å NEt4+ salt | |
| Au4Cl8 | black | (d10)2(d8)2 | linear and square planar | rare example of mixed valence, molecular chloride | |
| [AuCl4]− | yellow | d8 | square planar | Au-Cl distances of 2.26 Å NBu4+ salt | |
| [HgCl4]2− | white/colorless | d10 | tetrahedral | Hg-Cl distance is 2.46 Å Et4N+ salt | |
| [Hg2Cl6]2− | white/colorless | d10 | edge-shared bitetrahedral | Hg-Cl distance is 2.46 Å Bu4N+ salt |
Heteroleptic complexes
Heteroleptic complexes containing chloride are numerous. Most hydrated metal halides are members of this class. Hexamminecobalt(III) chloride and Cisplatin (cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2) are prominent examples of metal-ammine-chlorides.
Hydrates
As indicated in the table below, many hydrates of metal chlorides are molecular complexes. These compounds are often important commercial sources of transition metal chlorides. Several hydrated metal chlorides are not molecular and thus are not included in this tabulation. For example the dihydrates of manganese(II) chloride, nickel(II) chloride, copper(II) chloride, iron(II) chloride, and cobalt(II) chloride are coordination polymers.
| Formula of hydrated metal halides | Coordination sphere of the metal |
|---|---|
| TiCl3(H2O)6 | trans-[TiCl2(H2O)4]+ |
| VCl3(H2O)6 | trans-[VCl2(H2O)4]+ |
| CrCl3(H2O)6 | trans-[CrCl2(H2O)4]+ |
| CrCl3(H2O)6 | [CrCl(H2O)5]2+ |
| CrCl2(H2O)4 | trans-[CrCl2(H2O)4] |
| CrCl3(H2O)6 | [Cr(H2O)6]3+ |
| MnCl2(H2O)6 | trans-[MnCl2(H2O)4] |
| MnCl2(H2O)4 | cis-[MnCl2(H2O)4] |
| FeCl2(H2O)6 | trans-[FeCl2(H2O)4] |
| FeCl2(H2O)4 | trans-[FeCl2(H2O)4] |
| FeCl3(H2O)6 | one of four hydrates of ferric chloride, |
| FeCl3(H2O)2.5 | cis-[FeCl2(H2O)4]+ |
| CoCl2(H2O)6 | trans-[CoCl2(H2O)4] |
| CoCl2(H2O)4 | cis-[CoCl2(H2O)4] |
| NiCl2(H2O)6 | trans-[NiCl2(H2O)4] |
| NiCl2(H2O)4 | cis-[NiCl2(H2O)4] |
Adducts
Metal chlorides form adducts with ethers to give transition metal ether complexes.