The Venus Throw was the highest roll in the Ancient Roman gambling game of tali (knucklebones). The game was played with four 4-sided rectangular dice numbered I, III, IV and VI, usually made from sheep's or goat's knucklebones. In a Venus Throw, each talus landed on a different side, yielding as a score of 14. A gambler would either throw the tali from his or her hand, or from a small box (called a fritillus). Thirty-five different throws were possible (found by sending 4 and 4 to the combination with repetitions formula). While the Venus throw was the highest, the Vulture throw (all aces)—also known as the Dog throw—was the lowest.[clarification needed] The Venus throw could be used to designate the master of the revels.

  • Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, p.1095
  • Charlton T. Lewis; Charles Short A Latin Dictionary, p. 782