Wuming Mandarin
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Wuming Mandarin or Wuming Guanhua (simplified Chinese: 武鸣官话; traditional Chinese: 武鳴官話; pinyin: Wǔmíng Guānhuà), known locally as Wuminghua (武鸣话; 武鳴話; Wǔmínghuà; 'Wuming speech'), is a dialect of Southwestern Mandarin spoken in urban Wuming District, specifically in the towns of Chengxiang and Fucheng. It is a variety that has been influenced substantially by Zhuang, which is the majority language of the district.
Classification
Wuming Mandarin is classified as a part of the Gui–Liu subgroup (桂柳片; Guì-Liǔ piàn) of Southwestern Mandarin. The second edition of the Language Atlas of China further classifies it as part of the Guinan (southern Guangxi) cluster (桂南小片; Guìnán xiǎopiàn).
Phonology
Initials
There are 18 phonemic initials (including the zero initial):
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | plain | p | t | k | ʔ | ||||
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | ||||||
| Affricate | plain | ts | |||||||
| aspirated | tsʰ | ||||||||
| Fricative | f | s | x | ||||||
| Lateral fricative | ɬ | ||||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||||
| Lateral approximant | l |
Rimes
There are seventy (70) rimes.
Tones
There are seven tones, six of which are native:
| Name | Tone letter |
|---|---|
| yin level (阴平; 陰平) | ˧ (33) |
| yang level (阳平; 陽平) | ˨˩ (21) |
| rising (上声; 上聲) | ˥ (55) |
| departing (去声; 去聲) | ˨˦ (24) |
| high entering (入声高调; 入聲高調) | ˥ (55) |
| low entering (入声低调; 入聲低調) | ˨˩ (21) |
The other tone, ˧˥ (35), is non-native, occurs in very few words, and corresponds to the yin level (阴平; 陰平) tone in Pinghua.
Notes
- Chinese Academy of Social Sciences; Australian Academy of the Humanities (1987). 中国语言地图集 [Language Atlas of China] (in Chinese). Hong Kong: Longman Group (Far East). ISBN 0-582-99903-0.
- Huang, Yuanwei (1997). "The Interaction between Zhuang and the Yue (Cantonese) Dialects". In Edmondson, Jerold A.; Solnit, David B. (eds.). Comparative Kadai: The Tai Branch. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics. pp. 57–76. ISBN 1-55671-005-4.
- Liu, Cunhan (2012). B2—2、3、4 广西壮族自治区的汉语方言. 中国语言地图集 [Language Atlas of China] (in Chinese). Vol. 汉语方言卷 (2nd ed.). Beijing: Commercial Press. pp. 166–176. ISBN 978-7-100-07054-6.
- Lu, Miaoyan (2012). 武鸣县城官话调查报告 [Wuming County Mandarin Investigation Report] (master's) (in Chinese). Guangxi University.
- Lu, Miaoyan (2013). 武鸣县城官话同音字汇 [Homophony Syllabary of Wuming County Mandarin]. Journal of Baise University (in Chinese). 26 (5): 56–64.
- Wuming County Annals Editorial Board, ed. (1998). [Wuming County Annals] (in Chinese). Nanning: Guangxi People's Publishing House. ISBN 7219036698.
- Wuming County Annals Editorial Board, ed. (2013). [Wuming County Annals (1991–2005)] (in Chinese). Nanning: Guangxi People's Publishing House. ISBN 978-7-219-08337-6.