Yabutian languages
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The Yabutian or Jabutian languages are two similar moribund languages of southern Rondônia, Brazil, namely Arikapú (Maxubí) and Djeoromitxi (Yabutí/Jabotí). They are members of the Macro-Jê language family. Maxubí was sometimes seen as a distinct language, but is now evaluated as representing Arikapú.
Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Yabutian language varieties.
gloss Yabutí Aricapú Mashubi one nichi owá two yämbo krokro three kamekü ear hi-nĩpí chi-nipoaró chi-nipuré tooth hi-dö shi-shakriá maishambishi hand hi-nikú chi-nuhu chi-nikaimu woman páko pakohä chininika water bzirú bi yú fire pichä pikö piku sun tõhõ töhã tadzyó maize tsitsi chichi kokoví tapir huá nowö chimoré house híkö arikó erikoná
Proto-language
Proto-Jabutí reconstructions by van der Voort (2007):
| Proto-Jabutí reconstructions by van der Voort (2007 | |
|---|---|
| gloss Proto-Jabutí 'kind of yam' *mu(rε) 'sun' *tõhã 'moon' (*kupa) 'water (n); liquid' *miru 'LOC' *(-)tʃε 'NOM' *h. 'BENEFICIARY' (*εnɨ̃) 'classifier (skin)' *-kakə 'AUG' *-tʃitʃi 'ABL' *kunĩ 'DAT' *ri 'to remove' *kokɨ 'water, liquid' (*ɨ) 'to squeeze liquid' *ɨmĩ 'needle' *pudʒi 'to hang (up), to tie (up)' *tətʃəj 'clay for making pots and dishes' *mr(.) 'INTENS.' *(-)wεhε 'container, large leaf, bag' *təkə 'bench, mat' *nĩpraj 'belly' *prika 'shell, nutshell, bug/beetle' *kakə 'tooth' *tʃo 'mouth' *tʃa-, *tʃako 'arm, branch' *tʃapa 'to play' *hãtõj 'earring' *nĩpɨkuj 'monkey species (Callithrix jacchus)' (macaco sauim) *mihi 'robust capuchin monkey' (macaco prego) *mirə 'hair on backside (?)' *kaw 'way, path' *wɪ 'field' *rɛhi 'meat; flesh' *nĩ 'classifier (meat)' *-nĩ 'tick' *tʃitʃika 'hole; classifier (hole)' *-ko 'small basket' *pupuka 'to cry/weep/sing/shout' *mõ 'to suck' *u 'to rain' *rõko 'cicada' *piti 'clear; light (n)' *praj 'snake' *mrãj 'calango (kind of lizard)' *mrãjdʒi 'lizard genus (Tupinambis)' *tʃaurə 'to cover' *hεtʃəj(to) 'to give' *ũ 'to take away, to get, to catch' *hɨ̃j 'to eat; to bite' *ku 'to eat' *pu 'pamonha (traditional food), food; classifier (pamonha, food)' *nũ 'COM' *pakəj 'to add; COM' *pakə 'to give orders, to command' *mətɨ̃ 'to tell, to teach' *pamo 'heart' *mə(tutu)ka 'haircut, lap/flap' *kuro 'to boil' *toto 'termite' *irε 'to heal/cure, to pray' *wi 'agouti' *təri 'finger' *nĩku 'to keep/have, to put, to stash/hide' *dʒi 'to lie (down)' (*...rãj) 'son, daughter, cub, offspring' *kraj 'son' *wikoko 'niece' *prõ 'to hurt; ill, sour/harsh, strong' *tʃomi 'to sleep' *nũtõ 'leaf, thorn; classifier (thorn)' *-nĩ 'to stretch/pull/arrange' *tə(j)təj 'liver' *mə 'cord, rope' *tʃoko 'string, cord' *tʃukə 'song/singing (?)' *tʃua 'breechcloth string' *unĩ 'tucuma palm; rope made from tucuma palm' *nũrõ 'arrow shaft' *məku 'arrow splinter' *itʃopu 'flower' *tʃawa 'tree, log, stick' *ku 'fire' *pitʃə 'ashes' *pitʃə(mrə) 'eye' *hãka(rε) 'fat, grease' *tũ(ka) 'aunt' *dʒikũ(ro) 'to put/insert; to change clothes' *tɨ̃ 'INSTR' *nə 'to go, to walk' (*kərεj) 'tayra (weasel species)' (irara, papa-mel) *mεjmia 'older sister' *tʃuhε 'new, young' *kamu 'blackbird genera (Psarocolius)' (japu, rubixá) *(a)rimu 'jug' *məro 'pot, pan, jug' *wa 'walking palm leaf' *kumɛ̃ 'peach palm' *onɨ̃ 'kind of indigenous frame for grilling meat or fish' *kamεkə 'to grill on a jirau' *rĩ 'knee' *mε̃pε 'tongue' *nu(ku)tə(rε) 'female, mother' *dʒi 'wife' *krajdʒi 'grandmother' *kurε 'manioc' *murε 'hand' *nĩ.u 'to chew' *pa 'to kill (by blow)' *t.mr. 'worm, larva; classifier (worm)' *-rε 'young girl' *nũnɨka 'to grind' *kũ 'mosquito' *patʃĩ 'woman' *paku 'to bathe' *tʃo 'NEG; no' *tõ 'no' *mãj 'bone' *dʒi, *i 'night' *patʃitʃu 'name' *tõhĩ 'cloud' *mε̃(ko) 'ear' *nĩpɨ 'other; companion' *tʃanãj 'to hear; to know' *mə 'egg' *(.)ε̃ 'male; father' *tʃu, *tʃutʃi 'husband' *krajtʃu 'grandfather' *tʃuta 'foot' *praj 'stone' *kra 'breasts, chest' *nunɨ 'skin, leather, bark; classifier (leather, skin)' *kə 'body hair, down, hair' *kəmõ 'little' *kokə 'to throw, to lose, to drop, to spill' (*k...aj) 'to get lost' *atõ 'to weigh; heavy' *kumɨ 'neck' *poko 'peanut' *kumrε̃j 'aricuri kernel' *mətaj 'cluster of aricuri coconuts' *mətajtʃu 'Brazil nut tree' *urə 'aricuri; straw; green coconut' *urõ 'well (spring)' *kawiru 'bridge' *mirukurõ 'door' *mitʃakə 'tired' *tʃamə 'we (1PL)' *hi..., *hi- 'you (2SG/PL)' *a 'lung' *mə(ki)rɪ 'pus' *tʃu 'to burn (tr. v)' *tʃə(...) 'hot' *tʃə 'round' *ka 'classifier (round)' *-ka 'lips; spit/saliva' *tʃokə 'toad' (*.ka) 'dry' *karo 'seed, kernel' *hã 'classifier (seed, kernel)' *-hã 'to go away' *kũ 'on (top)' *tʃutʃε 'snuff, tobacco, cigarette' *padʒi 'tamanduá' (*patʃuri) 'tortoise' *mi.ku 'armadillo' *tõw 'to fear' *pɨ 'land, earth' *mĩ(ka) 'yard, square' *miku 'testicles' *nũ(.)ε̃ka 'all ('finished')' (*...tã) 'claw, nail' *nĩkətaj 'vulture' *tõtõtʃi 'deer' *kurɨj 'old' *rõjtʃi 'to see' *arã 'green' *kapɨ 'red' *nũr(ə̃)o 'to come (arrive)' *prəj 'to come back/return' *m(.)rε̃hε̃ 'to want' *iro 'fish' *minũ 'slowly' *hãt.j 'reed' *kunĩkurõ 'half' *mə 'genipap fruit' *mɪ '"right?", "isn't it?"' *nĩ 'hat' *kanũ 'Brazilian tinamou bird' (inambu relógio) *dʒui 'general term for the tinamou bird genus' *mɨkraj 'cotton' *tʃamuj 'place' *kutʃiprajka 'big cará (kind of yam)' *mutʃitʃi 'achiote' *kutʃamrəj 'to salt' *nɨ 'nettle' *nõ 'tree species (Vochysia haenkeana)' (escorrega-macaco) *hawajtε 'sticky' *kanə 'arrowleaf elephant's ear (plant)' (taioba) *m(.)rε̃ 'lamp, candle, torch; tar/pitch' *hãtjə 'sugar, cane' *mεkɨ 'to pour, to flow/run, to throw' *kuhi 'yellow' *numuj 'to stir, to row; mixture' *kotʃu 'point' *nĩnũ 'hawk' *pɨ̃jkuri 'plug for the nose' *nĩkoku 'small larva' *urɨ 'aricuri larva' *tʃanõ 'hog plum (tree)' (cajá) *urənĩ 'fish poison plant' (timbó) *tanãj 'to beat (fish poison); to knock/bring down' *prõ 'stump' *prajka 'tree species (Cecropia)' (umbaúba) *tõwkuri 'to form/shape, to weave, to draw up' *pətʃa 'ingá (tree genus)' *tʃumɨ̃ 'to bring/bear' *tə 'ripe, to ripen' *tʃu 'necklace' *m(.)rɨ̃(to) | |
| gloss | Proto-Jabutí |
| 'kind of yam' | *mu(rε) |
| 'sun' | *tõhã |
| 'moon' | (*kupa) |
| 'water (n); liquid' | *miru |
| 'LOC' | *(-)tʃε |
| 'NOM' | *h. |
| 'BENEFICIARY' | (*εnɨ̃) |
| 'classifier (skin)' | *-kakə |
| 'AUG' | *-tʃitʃi |
| 'ABL' | *kunĩ |
| 'DAT' | *ri |
| 'to remove' | *kokɨ |
| 'water, liquid' | (*ɨ) |
| 'to squeeze liquid' | *ɨmĩ |
| 'needle' | *pudʒi |
| 'to hang (up), to tie (up)' | *tətʃəj |
| 'clay for making pots and dishes' | *mr(.) |
| 'INTENS.' | *(-)wεhε |
| 'container, large leaf, bag' | *təkə |
| 'bench, mat' | *nĩpraj |
| 'belly' | *prika |
| 'shell, nutshell, bug/beetle' | *kakə |
| 'tooth' | *tʃo |
| 'mouth' | *tʃa-, *tʃako |
| 'arm, branch' | *tʃapa |
| 'to play' | *hãtõj |
| 'earring' | *nĩpɨkuj |
| 'monkey species (Callithrix jacchus)' (macaco sauim) | *mihi |
| 'robust capuchin monkey' (macaco prego) | *mirə |
| 'hair on backside (?)' | *kaw |
| 'way, path' | *wɪ |
| 'field' | *rɛhi |
| 'meat; flesh' | *nĩ |
| 'classifier (meat)' | *-nĩ |
| 'tick' | *tʃitʃika |
| 'hole; classifier (hole)' | *-ko |
| 'small basket' | *pupuka |
| 'to cry/weep/sing/shout' | *mõ |
| 'to suck' | *u |
| 'to rain' | *rõko |
| 'cicada' | *piti |
| 'clear; light (n)' | *praj |
| 'snake' | *mrãj |
| 'calango (kind of lizard)' | *mrãjdʒi |
| 'lizard genus (Tupinambis)' | *tʃaurə |
| 'to cover' | *hεtʃəj(to) |
| 'to give' | *ũ |
| 'to take away, to get, to catch' | *hɨ̃j |
| 'to eat; to bite' | *ku |
| 'to eat' | *pu |
| 'pamonha (traditional food), food; classifier (pamonha, food)' | *nũ |
| 'COM' | *pakəj |
| 'to add; COM' | *pakə |
| 'to give orders, to command' | *mətɨ̃ |
| 'to tell, to teach' | *pamo |
| 'heart' | *mə(tutu)ka |
| 'haircut, lap/flap' | *kuro |
| 'to boil' | *toto |
| 'termite' | *irε |
| 'to heal/cure, to pray' | *wi |
| 'agouti' | *təri |
| 'finger' | *nĩku |
| 'to keep/have, to put, to stash/hide' | *dʒi |
| 'to lie (down)' | (*...rãj) |
| 'son, daughter, cub, offspring' | *kraj |
| 'son' | *wikoko |
| 'niece' | *prõ |
| 'to hurt; ill, sour/harsh, strong' | *tʃomi |
| 'to sleep' | *nũtõ |
| 'leaf, thorn; classifier (thorn)' | *-nĩ |
| 'to stretch/pull/arrange' | *tə(j)təj |
| 'liver' | *mə |
| 'cord, rope' | *tʃoko |
| 'string, cord' | *tʃukə |
| 'song/singing (?)' | *tʃua |
| 'breechcloth string' | *unĩ |
| 'tucuma palm; rope made from tucuma palm' | *nũrõ |
| 'arrow shaft' | *məku |
| 'arrow splinter' | *itʃopu |
| 'flower' | *tʃawa |
| 'tree, log, stick' | *ku |
| 'fire' | *pitʃə |
| 'ashes' | *pitʃə(mrə) |
| 'eye' | *hãka(rε) |
| 'fat, grease' | *tũ(ka) |
| 'aunt' | *dʒikũ(ro) |
| 'to put/insert; to change clothes' | *tɨ̃ |
| 'INSTR' | *nə |
| 'to go, to walk' | (*kərεj) |
| 'tayra (weasel species)' (irara, papa-mel) | *mεjmia |
| 'older sister' | *tʃuhε |
| 'new, young' | *kamu |
| 'blackbird genera (Psarocolius)' (japu, rubixá) | *(a)rimu |
| 'jug' | *məro |
| 'pot, pan, jug' | *wa |
| 'walking palm leaf' | *kumɛ̃ |
| 'peach palm' | *onɨ̃ |
| 'kind of indigenous frame for grilling meat or fish' | *kamεkə |
| 'to grill on a jirau' | *rĩ |
| 'knee' | *mε̃pε |
| 'tongue' | *nu(ku)tə(rε) |
| 'female, mother' | *dʒi |
| 'wife' | *krajdʒi |
| 'grandmother' | *kurε |
| 'manioc' | *murε |
| 'hand' | *nĩ.u |
| 'to chew' | *pa |
| 'to kill (by blow)' | *t.mr. |
| 'worm, larva; classifier (worm)' | *-rε |
| 'young girl' | *nũnɨka |
| 'to grind' | *kũ |
| 'mosquito' | *patʃĩ |
| 'woman' | *paku |
| 'to bathe' | *tʃo |
| 'NEG; no' | *tõ |
| 'no' | *mãj |
| 'bone' | *dʒi, *i |
| 'night' | *patʃitʃu |
| 'name' | *tõhĩ |
| 'cloud' | *mε̃(ko) |
| 'ear' | *nĩpɨ |
| 'other; companion' | *tʃanãj |
| 'to hear; to know' | *mə |
| 'egg' | *(.)ε̃ |
| 'male; father' | *tʃu, *tʃutʃi |
| 'husband' | *krajtʃu |
| 'grandfather' | *tʃuta |
| 'foot' | *praj |
| 'stone' | *kra |
| 'breasts, chest' | *nunɨ |
| 'skin, leather, bark; classifier (leather, skin)' | *kə |
| 'body hair, down, hair' | *kəmõ |
| 'little' | *kokə |
| 'to throw, to lose, to drop, to spill' | (*k...aj) |
| 'to get lost' | *atõ |
| 'to weigh; heavy' | *kumɨ |
| 'neck' | *poko |
| 'peanut' | *kumrε̃j |
| 'aricuri kernel' | *mətaj |
| 'cluster of aricuri coconuts' | *mətajtʃu |
| 'Brazil nut tree' | *urə |
| 'aricuri; straw; green coconut' | *urõ |
| 'well (spring)' | *kawiru |
| 'bridge' | *mirukurõ |
| 'door' | *mitʃakə |
| 'tired' | *tʃamə |
| 'we (1PL)' | *hi..., *hi- |
| 'you (2SG/PL)' | *a |
| 'lung' | *mə(ki)rɪ |
| 'pus' | *tʃu |
| 'to burn (tr. v)' | *tʃə(...) |
| 'hot' | *tʃə |
| 'round' | *ka |
| 'classifier (round)' | *-ka |
| 'lips; spit/saliva' | *tʃokə |
| 'toad' | (*.ka) |
| 'dry' | *karo |
| 'seed, kernel' | *hã |
| 'classifier (seed, kernel)' | *-hã |
| 'to go away' | *kũ |
| 'on (top)' | *tʃutʃε |
| 'snuff, tobacco, cigarette' | *padʒi |
| 'tamanduá' | (*patʃuri) |
| 'tortoise' | *mi.ku |
| 'armadillo' | *tõw |
| 'to fear' | *pɨ |
| 'land, earth' | *mĩ(ka) |
| 'yard, square' | *miku |
| 'testicles' | *nũ(.)ε̃ka |
| 'all ('finished')' | (*...tã) |
| 'claw, nail' | *nĩkətaj |
| 'vulture' | *tõtõtʃi |
| 'deer' | *kurɨj |
| 'old' | *rõjtʃi |
| 'to see' | *arã |
| 'green' | *kapɨ |
| 'red' | *nũr(ə̃)o |
| 'to come (arrive)' | *prəj |
| 'to come back/return' | *m(.)rε̃hε̃ |
| 'to want' | *iro |
| 'fish' | *minũ |
| 'slowly' | *hãt.j |
| 'reed' | *kunĩkurõ |
| 'half' | *mə |
| 'genipap fruit' | *mɪ |
| '"right?", "isn't it?"' | *nĩ |
| 'hat' | *kanũ |
| 'Brazilian tinamou bird' (inambu relógio) | *dʒui |
| 'general term for the tinamou bird genus' | *mɨkraj |
| 'cotton' | *tʃamuj |
| 'place' | *kutʃiprajka |
| 'big cará (kind of yam)' | *mutʃitʃi |
| 'achiote' | *kutʃamrəj |
| 'to salt' | *nɨ |
| 'nettle' | *nõ |
| 'tree species (Vochysia haenkeana)' (escorrega-macaco) | *hawajtε |
| 'sticky' | *kanə |
| 'arrowleaf elephant's ear (plant)' (taioba) | *m(.)rε̃ |
| 'lamp, candle, torch; tar/pitch' | *hãtjə |
| 'sugar, cane' | *mεkɨ |
| 'to pour, to flow/run, to throw' | *kuhi |
| 'yellow' | *numuj |
| 'to stir, to row; mixture' | *kotʃu |
| 'point' | *nĩnũ |
| 'hawk' | *pɨ̃jkuri |
| 'plug for the nose' | *nĩkoku |
| 'small larva' | *urɨ |
| 'aricuri larva' | *tʃanõ |
| 'hog plum (tree)' (cajá) | *urənĩ |
| 'fish poison plant' (timbó) | *tanãj |
| 'to beat (fish poison); to knock/bring down' | *prõ |
| 'stump' | *prajka |
| 'tree species (Cecropia)' (umbaúba) | *tõwkuri |
| 'to form/shape, to weave, to draw up' | *pətʃa |
| 'ingá (tree genus)' | *tʃumɨ̃ |
| 'to bring/bear' | *tə |
| 'ripe, to ripen' | *tʃu |
| 'necklace' | *m(.)rɨ̃(to) |
For a list of Proto-Jabutí reconstructions by Nikulin (2020), see the corresponding Portuguese article.
Further reading
- Fabre, Alain (2005). .
- Ribeiro, Eduardo & Hein van der Voort. 2010. "Nimuendajú was right: The inclusion of the Jabutí language family in the Macro-Jê stock." International Journal of American Linguistics, 76(4), pp. 517–570. DOI: .
External links
- 2021-07-12 at the Wayback Machine