Flustrina

Flustrina is a suborder under the order Cheilostomatida of gymnolaematan Bryozoa (sea mats).

Description

The structure of the individual zooids is generally simple, a box-like chamber of calcium carbonate, the polypides reaching out through an uncalcified flexible frontal wall, often surrounded by numerous spines. Like in other gymnolaematans, their lophophore is protruded by muscles that pull on the frontal wall of the zooid.

Taxonomy and systematics

In some treatments, the Flustrina are restricted to the superfamilies Calloporoidea and Flustroidea and ranked as infraorder alongside the Cellulariomorpha which contain three other superfamilies.

The obsolete suborder Anasca previously included the members of this suborder before being deprecated.

The following superfamilies, and families are recognised in the suborder Flustrina:

• Superfamily Adeonoidea Busk, 1884 Adeonidae Busk, 1884 †Diedroporidae Gordon & Taylor, 2015 Inversiulidae Vigneaux, 1949

• Superfamily Arachnopusioidea Jullien, 1888 Arachnopusiidae Jullien, 1888 Exechonellidae Harmer, 1957

• Superfamily Bifaxarioidea Busk, 1884 Bifaxariidae Busk, 1884 Mixtopeltidae Gordon, 1994 †Inversiulidae Marsson, 1887

• Superfamily Buguloidea Gray, 1848 Beaniidae Canu & Bassler, 1927 Bugulidae Gray, 1848 Candidae d'Orbigny, 1851 Epistomiidae Gregory, 1893 Euoplozoidae Harmer, 1926 Jubellidae Reverter-Gil & Fernández-Pulpeiro, 2001 Rhabdozoidae MacGillivray, 1887

• Superfamily Calloporoidea Norman, 1903 Antroporidae Vigneaux, 1949 Bryopastoridae d'Hondt & Gordon, 1999 Calloporidae Norman, 1903 Chaperiidae Jullien, 1888 Cupuladriidae Lagaaij, 1952 Cymuloporidae Winston & Vieira, 2013 Doryporellidae Grischenko, Taylor & Mawatari, 2004 Ellisinidae Vigneaux, 1949 Farciminariidae Busk, 1852 Foveolariidae Gordon & Winston, 2005 Heliodomidae Vigneaux, 1949 Hiantoporidae Gregory, 1893 Mourellinidae Reverter-Gil, Souto & Fernández-Pulpeiro, 2011 Pyrisinellidae di Martino & Taylor, 2012 Quadricellariidae Gordon, 1984 Vinculariidae Busk, 1852

• Superfamily Catenicelloidea Busk, 1852 Catenicellidae Busk, 1852 †Concatenellidae Bock & Cook, 1996 Eurystomellidae Levinsen, 1909 Petalostegidae Gordon, 1984 Savignyellidae Levinsen, 1909

• Superfamily Cellarioidea Fleming, 1828 Cellariidae Fleming, 1828 Membranicellariidae Levinsen, 1909

• Superfamily Celleporoidea Johnston, 1838 Celleporidae Johnston, 1838 Colatooeciidae Winston, 2005 Hippoporidridae Vigneaux, 1949 Phidoloporidae Gabb & Horn, 1862

• Superfamily Chlidoniopsoidea Harmer, 1957 Chlidoniopsidae Harmer, 1957

• Superfamily Conescharellinoidea Levinsen, 1909 Batoporidae Neviani, 1901 Conescharellinidae Levinsen, 1909 †Cuvillieridae Annoscia, 1965 Lekythoporidae Levinsen, 1909 Orbituliporidae Canu & Bassler, 1923

• Superfamily Cribrilinoidea Hincks, 1879 Cribrilinidae Hincks, 1879 Euthyroididae Levinsen, 1909 Inversiscaphidae Winston & Jackson, 2021 †Lekythoglenidae Marsson, 1887 Polliciporidae Moyano, 2000 Vitrimurellidae Winston, Vieira & Woollacott, 2014

• Superfamily Didymoselloidea Brown, 1952 Didymosellidae Brown, 1952

• Superfamily Euthyriselloidea Bassler, 1953 Clathrolunulidae Gordon & Sanner, 2020 Euthyrisellidae Bassler, 1953 Neoeuthyroididae Gordon & Sanner, 2020

• Superfamily Flustroidea Fleming, 1828 Flustridae Fleming, 1828

• Superfamily Hippothooidea Busk, 1859 Chorizoporidae Vigneaux, 1949 †Dysnoetoporidae Voigt, 1971 Haplopomidae Gordon in De Blauwe, 2009 Hippothoidae Busk, 1859 Pasytheidae Davis, 1934 Trypostegidae Gordon, Tilbrook & Winston, 2005

• Superfamily Lepralielloidea Vigneaux, 1949 Atlantisinidae Berning, Harmelin & Bader, 2017 Bryocryptellidae Vigneaux, 1949 †Cheilhorneropsidae Annoscia, Braga & Finotti, 1984 Dhondtiscidae Gordon, 1989 Escharellidae Levinsen, 1909 Exochellidae Bassler, 1935 Gemelliporellidae Vigneaux, 1949 Hincksiporidae Powell, 1968 Jaculinidae Zabala, 1986 Metrarabdotosidae Vigneaux, 1949 Romancheinidae Jullien, 1888 Sclerodomidae Levinsen, 1909 †Sfeniellidae Gordon, 2006 Tessaradomidae Jullien, 1903

• Superfamily Lunulitoidea Lagaaij, 1952 Lunulariidae Levinsen, 1909 †Lunulitidae Lagaaij, 1952 Otionellidae Bock & Cook, 1998 Selenariidae Busk, 1854

• Superfamily Mamilloporoidea Canu & Bassler, 1927 Ascosiidae Jullien, 1882 Cleidochasmatidae Cheetham & Sandberg, 1964 Crepidacanthidae Levinsen, 1909 †Schizorthosecidae Gordon & Sanner, 2020

• Superfamily Microporoidea Gray, 1848 Alysidiidae Levinsen, 1909 Aspidostomatidae Jullien, 1888 Calescharidae Cook & Bock, 2001 †Cardabiellidae Håkansson, Gordon & Taylor, 2024 Chlidoniidae Busk, 1884 Granomuridae Gordon, 2021 Microporidae Gray, 1848 Onychocellidae Jullien, 1882 Poricellariidae Harmer, 1926 Setosellidae Levinsen, 1909

• Superfamily Monoporelloidea Hincks, 1882 Macroporidae Uttley, 1949 Monoporellidae Hincks, 1882

• Superfamily Pseudolepralioidea Silén, 1942 †Brydonellidae Taylor, Casadío & Gordon, 2008 Pseudolepraliidae Silén, 1942

• Superfamily Schizoporelloidea Jullien, 1883 Acoraniidae López-Fé, 2006 Actisecidae Harmer, 1957 †Bryobaculidae Rosso, 2002 Buffonellidae Jullien, 1888 Calwelliidae MacGillivray, 1887 Cheiloporinidae Bassler, 1936 Cryptosulidae Vigneaux, 1949 Cyclicoporidae Hincks, 1884 †Duvergieriidae Vigneaux, 1949 Echinovadomidae Tilbrook, 2001 Eminooeciidae Hayward & Thorpe, 1988 Escharinidae Tilbrook, 2006 Fatkullinidae Grischenko, Gordon & Morozov, 2018 Fenestrulinidae Jullien, 1888 Gigantoporidae Bassler, 1935 Hippaliosinidae Winston, 2005 Hippopodinidae Levinsen, 1909 Lacernidae Jullien, 1888 Marcusadoreidae Winston, Vieira & Woollacott, 2014 Margarettidae Harmer, 1957 Mawatariidae Gordon, 1990 Microporellidae Hincks, 1879 Myriaporidae Gray, 1841 Pacificincolidae Liu & Liu, 1999 Petraliidae Levinsen, 1909 Phoceanidae Vigneaux, 1949 Phorioppniidae Gordon & d'Hondt, 1997 Porinidae d'Orbigny, 1852 Robertsonidridae Rosso, 2010 Schizoporellidae Jullien, 1882 Stomachetosellidae Canu & Bassler, 1917 Tetraplariidae Harmer, 1957 Teuchoporidae Neviani, 1895 Vicidae Gordon, 1988

• Superfamily †Scorioporoidea Gordon, 2002 †Nephroporidae Marsson, 1887 †Scorioporidae Gordon, 2002

• Superfamily Siphonicytaroidea Harmer, 1957 Siphonicytaridae Harmer, 1957

• Superfamily Smittinoidea Levinsen, 1909 Bitectiporidae MacGillivray, 1895 Lanceoporidae Harmer, 1957 Powellithecidae Di Martino, Taylor, Gordon & Liow, 2016 Smittinidae Levinsen, 1909 Watersiporidae Vigneaux, 1949 Smittinoidea incertae sedis

• Superfamily Umbonuloidea Canu, 1904 Fulgurellidae Grischenko, Gordon & Melnik, 2024 Umbonulidae Canu, 1904

• Superfamily Urceoliporoidea Bassler, 1936 Prostomariidae MacGillivray, 1895 Urceoliporidae Bassler, 1936

• Flustrina incertae sedis Bicorniferidae Keij, 1977 Borioplebidae Gordon, 2021 †Coscinopleuridae Canu, 1913 †Fusicellariidae Canu, 1900 †Skyloniidae Sandberg, 1963