Monoethnicity is the existence of a single ethnic group in a given region or country. It is the opposite of polyethnicity.

An example of a largely monoethnic country is Japan. It is a common belief in Japan that the entire country is monoethnic, but a few ethnic minorities live in Japan (e.g. Koreans, Ainus, and Ryukyuans). They represent around 2.3% of the whole population.

South Korea is another monoethnic country. There are small immigrant populations that exist in South Korea, where they account for around 5.2% of the South Korean population. These include around 900,000 Chinese immigrants, many of whom are of Korean descent.

Most African countries have what would be considered a mono-racial society, but it is common to find dozens of ethnic groups within the same country.

The Yugoslav Wars are noted as having made Yugoslavia's successor states "de facto and de jure monoethnic nation-states", with Bosnia and Herzegovina further diving itself into mono-ethnic enclaves.

Because not all countries collect data on ethnicity, and the collection of data usually relies on self-reporting, it can be difficult to discern how monoethnic a country is.

Monoethnic countries with more than 85% homogenity

Sovereign states

RankCountryPopulationDominant group%NotesRef
1North Korea26,298,666Koreans99.998%
2Egypt111,247,248Arab-Coptic99.7%
3Lesotho2,227,548Basotho99.7%
4Tunisia12,048,847Arab-Amazigh98%
5Bangladesh168,697,184Bengali99%
6Morocco37,387,585Arab-Amazigh99%Does not include data from Western Sahara
7Vanuatu318,007Ni-Vanuatu99%
8Armenia2,976,765Armenian98.1%
9Albania3,107,100Albanian98%
10Japan123,219,024Japanese96.9%
11Poland38,746,310Polish96.9%This number represents the percentage of people who indicated Polish as their primary ethnicity
12Tonga104,889Tongan96.5%
13Kiribati116,545I-Kiribati95.78%
14Marshall Islands82,011Marshallese95.6%
15Cambodia17,063,669Khmer95.4%
16Solomon Islands726,799Melanesian95.4%
17Lebanon5,364,482Arabs97%
18Portugal10,207,177Portuguese95%
19South Korea51,117,378Koreans94.6%These include all foreign residents, regardless of whether they are of Korean descent or not. Many foreigners in Korea are either returning migrants or their descendants, especially the Chinese-Korean population.
20Nauru9,892Nauruan94.6%
21Azerbaijan10,650,239Azerbaijani91.6%
22Croatia4,150,116Croatian91.6%
23China1,416,043,270Han Chinese91.1%
24Italy58,947,905Italian91%
25Saudi Arabia36,544,431Arab90%
26Finland5,603,851Finns89.8%
27Romania18,148,155Romanian89.3%Data represents only those who declared an ethnicity in the 2021 census
28Turkmenistan5,744,151Turkmen87.6%
29Georgia4,900,961Georgian86.8%
30Vietnam105,758,975Viet85.3%

Unrecognized states and dependent territories

CountryPopulationDominant group%Ref
Palestine5,483,450Palestinian91%
Northern Cyprus382,836Turkish Cypriots99.2 %
Somaliland6,200,000Somalis99%
Republic of China (Taiwan)23,347,374Han Chinese97%
Hong Kong7,249,907Han Chinese92%
Kosovo1,586,659Albanians92%
Greenland55,877Inuit89.7%
South Ossetia53,532Ossetians89.9%
Macau614,458Han Chinese88.7%
Åland30,696Ålanders86.5%

See also