Director of National Intelligence

The director of national intelligence (DNI) is a cabinet-level United States government intelligence and security official. The position is required by the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 to serve as executive head of the United States Intelligence Community (IC) and to direct and oversee the National Intelligence Program (NIP). All 18 IC agencies, including the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) and the National Security Agency (NSA), report directly to the DNI. Other federal agencies with intelligence capabilities also report to the DNI, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).

The DNI also serves as the principal advisor to the president of the United States, the National Security Council, and the Homeland Security Council on all intelligence matters. The DNI, supported by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI), produces the President's Daily Brief, a highly classified document including intelligence from all IC agencies, shared each morning with the president of the United States. The DNI, who is appointed by the president of the United States and is subject to confirmation by the United States Senate, serves at the pleasure of the president.

President George W. Bush strengthened the role of the DNI on July 30, 2008, with Executive Order 13470, which, among other things, solidified the DNI's legal authority to direct intelligence gathering and analysis, and to set policy for intelligence sharing with foreign agencies and for the hiring and firing of senior intelligence officials. The DNI was given further responsibility for the entire IC's whistleblowing and source protection by President Barack Obama via Presidential Policy Directive 19 on October 10, 2012.

The position was elevated to a cabinet-level role during the first presidency of Donald Trump and retained this status in subsequent administrations. Currently, the DNI attends all cabinet meetings and liaises with the executive office of the president and other Cabinet secretaries in the execution of their duties. President Donald Trump nominated Tulsi Gabbard to the position in 2025, and she was subsequently confirmed by the US Senate on February 12, 2025.

History

Founding

Before the DNI was formally established, the head of the United States Intelligence Community was the director of central intelligence (DCI), who concurrently served as the director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

The 9/11 Commission recommended establishing the DNI position in its 9/11 Commission Report, not released until July 22, 2004, as it had identified major intelligence failures that called into question how well the intelligence community was able to protect U.S. interests against foreign terrorist attacks.

Senators Dianne Feinstein, Jay Rockefeller and Bob Graham introduced S. 2645 on June 19, 2002, to create the position of Director of National Intelligence. Other similar legislation soon followed. After considerable debate on the scope of the DNI's powers and authorities, the United States Congress passed the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 by votes of 336–75 in the House of Representatives, and 89–2 in the Senate. President George Bush signed the bill into law on December 17, 2004. Among other things, the law established the DNI position as the designated leader of the United States Intelligence Community and prohibited the DNI from serving as the CIA director or the head of any other intelligence community element at the same time. In addition, the law required the CIA Director to report their agency's activities to the DNI.

Critics say compromises during the bill's crafting led to the establishment of a DNI whose powers are too weak to adequately lead, manage and improve the performance of the intelligence community. In particular, the law left the United States Department of Defense in charge of the National Security Agency (NSA), the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), and the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA).

Under 50 U.S.C. , "under ordinary circumstances, it is desirable" that either the director or the principal deputy director of national intelligence be an active-duty commissioned officer in the armed forces or have training or experience in military intelligence activities and requirements. Only one of the two positions can be held by a military officer at any given time. The statute does not specify what rank the commissioned officer will hold during their tenure in either position.

Appointments

The first director of national intelligence was former U.S. ambassador to Iraq John Negroponte who was appointed on February 17, 2005, by President George W. Bush, subject to confirmation by the U.S. Senate. It was reported that President Bush's first choice for DNI was former director of central intelligence Robert M. Gates, who was serving as president of Texas A&M University, but who declined the offer. Negroponte was confirmed by a Senate vote of 98–2 on April 21, 2005, and he was sworn in by President Bush the same day.

On February 13, 2007, Mike McConnell became the second director of national intelligence, after Negroponte was appointed Deputy Secretary of State. Donald M. Kerr was confirmed by the U.S. Senate to be Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence on October 4, 2007, and sworn in on October 9, 2007. Kerr, from Virginia, was previously the director of the National Reconnaissance Office and the deputy director for science and technology at the CIA before that. Earlier in his career, he was an assistant director at the FBI, in charge of their Laboratory Division from 1997 to 2001.

On January 29, 2009, retired Navy admiral Dennis C. Blair became the third DNI on after being nominated by newly inaugurated President Barack Obama. President Obama dismissed Blair whose resignation became effective May 28, 2010.

On July 20, 2010, President Barack Obama nominated retired Air Force lieutenant general James Clapper as the fourth DNI. Clapper was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on August 5, and replaced acting director David C. Gompert.

The fifth DNI, Dan Coats, the sixth DNI, John Ratcliffe, and acting DNIs Joseph Maguire, Richard Grenell and Lora Shiao, all served between March 16, 2017, and January 21, 2021, during the first administration of President Donald Trump.

The seventh DNI is Avril Haines, who took office on January 21, 2021. The first woman to hold the office, she was nominated by President-elect Joe Biden on November 23, 2020 and confirmed by the Senate on January 20, 2021. She resigned January 20, 2025 at the conclusion of Joe Biden's term in office.

On November 13, 2024, President-elect Donald Trump announced his intention to nominate Army Reserve lieutenant colonel Tulsi Gabbard as the director of national intelligence upon returning to the presidency in January 2025. Gabbard was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on February 12, 2025, replacing acting director Lora Shiao. With this appointment, she became the first female military combat veteran to serve as DNI and first Pacific Islander American and first Hindu American in this position as well as to hold a Cabinet-level position.

Website issues

Declan McCullagh at News.com wrote on August 24, 2007, that the DNI site was configured to repel all search engines to index any page at DNI.gov. This effectively made the DNI website invisible to all search engines and in turn, any search queries. Ross Feinstein, Spokesman for the DNI, said that the cloaking was removed as of September 3, 2007. "We're not even sure how (the robots.txt file) got there" – but it was again somehow hidden the next day. On September 7, McCullagh reported that the DNI appeared to be open to web searches again.

Reform initiatives

In September 2007, the Office of the DNI released "Intelligence Community 100 Day & 500 Day Plans for Integration & Collaboration". These plans include a series of initiatives designed to build the foundation for increased cooperation and reform of the U.S. Intelligence Community.

Office of the Director of National Intelligence

The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 established the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) as an independent agency to assist the DNI. The ODNI's goal is to effectively integrate foreign, military and domestic intelligence in defense of the homeland and of United States interests abroad. The ODNI has about 1,750 employees. Its headquarters are in McLean, Virginia.

On March 23, 2007, DNI Mike McConnell announced organizational changes, which included:

• Elevating Acquisition to a new Deputy DNI position
• Creating a new Deputy DNI for Policy, Plans, and Requirements (replacing the Deputy DNI for Requirements position)
• Establishing an Executive Committee
• Designating the Chief of Staff position as the new Director of the Intelligence Staff

The ODNI continued to evolve under succeeding directors, culminating in an organization focused on intelligence integration across the community.[citation needed]

Organization

The ODNI leadership includes the director, principal deputy director and chief operating officer. In addition, the director of defense intelligence reports to the DNI.

There are two directorates, each led by a deputy director of National Intelligence:

• Mission Integration Directorate National Intelligence Council President's Daily Brief
• Policy & Capabilities Directorate Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity

There are five mission centers, each led by a director of that center:

• National Counterproliferation and Biosecurity Center (NCBC)
• National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC)
• National Counterintelligence and Security Center (NCSC)
• Foreign Malign Influence Center (FMIC)
• Cyber Threat Intelligence Integration Center (CTIIC)

There are four oversight offices:

• Office of Civil Liberties, Privacy and Transparency (CLPT), led by the Civil Liberties Protection Officer (CLPO)
• Office of Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO)
• Office of the Intelligence Community Inspector General (IC OIG)
• Office of General Counsel (OGC)

In addition there are six other offices:

• Intelligence Community Chief Information Officer (IC CIO)
• Intelligence Community Chief Financial Officer (IC CFO)
• Legislative Affairs (OLA)
• Strategic Communications (OSC)
• Office of Economic Security and Emerging Technologies (OESET)
• National Intelligence University (NIU)

Organization seals

• National Counterproliferation and Biosecurity Center
• Foreign Malign Influence Center
• National Counterterrorism Center
• National Counterintelligence and Security Center
• Inspector General of the Intelligence Community
• Cyber Threat Intelligence Integration Center

United States Intelligence Community

Line of succession

The line of succession for the director of national intelligence is as follows:

1. Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence
2. Deputy Director of National Intelligence for Intelligence Integration
3. Director of the National Counterterrorism Center
4. Director of the National Counterintelligence and Security Center
5. Inspector General of the Intelligence Community

Lists of personnel

List of directors

Position succeeded the director of central intelligence.

List of principal deputy directors of national intelligence

a.^ Hallman's and Wiley's position was Principal Executive, which did not require Senate confirmation. The duties were the same as those of a principal deputy director.

List of chief operating officers

List of directors of the intelligence staff / chief management officer

List of inspectors general

a.^ Monheim became Acting IG upon Atkinson's being put on administrative leave on April 3. He remained Acting IG upon and after Atkinson's official removal on May 3.

List of deputy directors of national intelligence

Assistant directors of national intelligence

Associate Director of National Intelligence and Chief Information Officer

The Associate Director of National Intelligence and Chief Information Officer (Intelligence Community CIO, ADNI/CIO or IC CIO) is charged with directing and managing activities relating to information technology for the Intelligence Community (IC) and the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI). The IC CIO reports directly to the DNI. As of January 24, 2022, Dr. Adele Merritt has assumed duties as the IC Chief Information Officer. The Office of the IC CIO was established by Intelligence Community Directive (ICD) 500, "Director of National Intelligence Chief Information Officer," effective August 7, 2008. ICD 500 superseded Director of Central Intelligence Directive (DCID) 1/6, "The Intelligence Community Chief Information Officer."

The IC CIO has four primary areas of responsibility:

• Manage activities relating to the information technology infrastructure and enterprise architecture of the Intelligence Community;
• Exercise procurement approval authority over all information technology items related to the enterprise architecture of all Intelligence Community components;
• Direct and manage all information technology-related procurement for the Intelligence Community; and
• Ensure all expenditures for information technology and research and development activities are consistent with the Intelligence Community enterprise architecture and the strategy of the Director for such architecture.

IC CIOs have been:

• Dale Meyerrose December 21, 2005 – September 2008
• Patrick Gorman (acting) October 2008 – January 20, 2009
• Priscilla Guthrie May 26, 2009 – November 19, 2010
• Charlene Leubecker (acting) November 19, 2010 – February 2011
• Al Tarasiuk February 2011 – April 28, 2015
• Dr. Raymond "Ray" Cook July 23, 2015 – January 20, 2017
• Jennifer Kron (acting) January 20, 2017 – September 11, 2017
• John Sherman September 11, 2017 – January 20, 2021
• Michael Waschull (acting)January 20, 2021 – January 23, 2022
• Dr. Adele J. Merritt January 24, 2022 – December 16, 2024
• Doug Cossa (acting) December 16, 2024 – Incumbent

See also

• Information Sharing Environment
• Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity
• Intellipedia
• Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System (JWICS)
• National Intelligence Coordination Center
• The National Security Act of 1947
• Open source intelligence
• Title 32 of the CFR
• United States Joint Intelligence Community Council
• US intelligence community A-Space
• Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board (PCLOB)

Further reading

• James R. Clapper with Trey Brown (2018). . New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0525558644. OCLC . Memoir including his time as DNI.

External links

• in the Federal Register
• of the Code of Federal Regulations