Satyrini

The Satyrini is one of the tribes of the subfamily Satyrinae. It includes about 2200 species and is therefore the largest tribe in the subfamily.

Distribution

Satyrini butterflies have a worldwide distribution, but the distribution pattern differs between subtribes. Some subtribes are almost restricted to a single biogeographic region, such as the Pronophilina, which is found only in Andean cloud forests from Venezuela to Bolivia.

Biology

The larval food plants of many species in this tribe are grasses, i.e. Poaceae. It is considered that the Satyrini diversified at about the same time as the grasses did, and that the radiation of the tribe is therefore closely related to the evolution of the grasses.

In contrast, the tribe has a few genera which show uncommon feeding preferences. Three genera, Euptychia, Ragadia and Acrophtalmia, feed on Lycopsida, and moreover, some species of Euptychia have been reported to feed on mosses of Neckeraceae. This is interesting cases as these genera are not considered to be very closely related to each other.

Taxonomy

The taxonomy of the subfamily Satyrinae has recently undergone a significant revision. Peña et al. (2006) showed that most of the traditionally well known group are paraphyletic or polyphyletic and developed a new taxonomy, based on molecular phylogenetic. The classification scheme transferred many genera traditionally placed in the Elymniini to the Satyrini, and later studies have largely followed this classification. Thus, the Satyrini is now considered to include the genera previously placed in the Elymniini, such as Lethe, Pararge and Mycalesis. However, the phylogenetic statuses of some subtribes within the tribe are still unclear and the revision of the classification is likely to continue.

According to Wahlberg (2019), the Satyrini includes the following subtribes and genera:

Parargina Moore, 1893

Chonala Moore, 1893 Kirinia Westwood, 1841 Lasiommata Tutt, 1896 Lopinga Moore, 1893 Orinoma Gray, 1846 Pararge Hübner, 1819 Rhaphicera Butler, 1867 Tatinga Moore, 1893 Nosea Koiwaya 1993

Lethina Reuter, 1896

Aphysoneura Karsch, 1894 Lethe Hübner, 1819 Neope Moore, 1866 Ninguta Moore, 1892 Ptychandra Felder & Felder, 1861 Mandarinia Leech, 1892

Mycalesina Reuter, 1896

Lohora Moore, 1880 Brakefieldia Aduse-Poku, Lees & Wahlberg, 2016 Telinga Moore, 1880 Heteropsis Westwood, 1850 Culapa Moore, 1879 Mydosama Moore, 1880 Mycalesis Hübner, 1818 Devyatkinia Monastyrskii & Uémura, 2016 Hallelesis Condamin, 1961 Bicyclus Kirby, 1871

Eritina Miller, 1968

Coelites Westwood, 1850 Erites Westwood, 1851 Orsotriaena Wallengren, 1858 Zipaetis Hewitson, 1863

Ragadiina Herrich-Schäffer, 1864

Acrophtalmia Felder & Felder, 1861 Acropolis Hemming, 1934 Ragadia Westwood, 1851

Coenonymphina Tutt, 1896

Coenonympha Hübner, 1819 Sinonympha Lee, 1994 Oressinoma Doubleday, 1849 Altiapa Parsons, 1986 Argynnina Butler, 1867 Argyronympha Mathew, 1886 Argyrophenga Doubleday, 1845 Dodonidia Butler, 1884 Erebiola Fereday, 1879 Erycinidia Rothschild & Jordan, 1905 Geitoneura Butler, 1867 Harsiesis Fruhstorfer, 1911 Heteronympha Wallengren, 1858 Hyalodia Jordan, 1924 Hypocysta Westwood, 1851 Lamprolenis Godman & Salvin, 1881 Nesoxenica Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914 Oreixenica Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914 Paratisiphone Watkins, 1928 Percnodaimon Butler, 1876 Platypthima Rothschild & Jordan, 1905 Tisiphone Hübner, 1819

Euptychiina Reuter, 1896

Euptychia Hübner, 1818 Palaeonympha Butler, 1871 Amphidecta Butler, 1867 Archeuptychia Forster, 1964 Amiga Nakahara, Willmott & Espeland, 2019 Caeruleuptychia Forster, 1964 Capronnieria Forster, 1964 Cepheuptychia Forster, 1964 Chloreuptychia Forster, 1964 Cissia Doubleday, 1848 Coeruleotaygetis Forster, 1964 Cyllopsis Felder, 1869 Erichthodes Forster, 1964 Euptychoides Forster, 1964 Forsterinaria Gray, 1973 Graphita Nakahara, Marín & Barbosa 2016 Godartiana Forster, 1964 Harjesia Forster, 1964 Hermeuptychia Forster, 1964 Huberonympha Viloria & Costa, 2016 Inbio Nakahara & Espeland, 2015 Magneuptychia Forster, 1964 Megeuptychia Forster, 1964 Megisto Hübner, 1819 Moneuptychia Forsterm, 1964 Neonympha Hübner 1818 Nhambikuara Freitas, Barbosa & Zacca, 2018 Optimandes Marín, Nakahara & Willmott, 2019 Orotaygetis Nakahara & Zacca, 2018 Paramacera Butler, 1868 Parataygetis Forster, 1964 Pareuptychia Forster, 1964 Paryphthimoides Forster, 1964 Pharneuptychia Forster, 1964 Pindis Felder, 1869 Posttaygetis Forster, 1964 Prenda Freitas & Mielke, 2011 Pseudeuptychia Forster, 1964 Pseudodebis Forster, 1964 Rareuptychia Forster, 1964 Satyrotaygetis Forster, 1964 Sepona Freitas & Barbosa, 2016 Splendeuptychia Forster, 1964 Stegosatyrus Zacca, Mielke & Pyrcz, 2013 Stevenaria Viloria, Costa, Neild & Nakahara, 2016 Taydebis Freitas, 2003 Taygetina Forster, 1964 Taygetis Hübner, 1819 Taygetomorpha Miller, 2004 Yphthimoides Forster, 1964 Zischkaia Forster, 1964

Erebiina Tutt, 1896

Erebia Elwes, 1899

Maniolina Grote, 1897

Aphantopus Wallengren, 1853 Cercyonis Scudder, 1875 Hyponephele Muschamp, 1915 Maniola Schrank, 1801 Pyronia Hübner, 1819

Melanargiina Wheeler, 1903

Melanargia Meigen, 1828

Pronophilina Reuter, 1896

Altopedaliodes Forster, 1964 Antopedaliodes Forster, 1964 Apexacuta Pyrcz, 2004 Arhuaco Adams & Bernard, 1977 Cheimas Thieme, 1907 Corades Doubleday, 1849 Corderopedaliodes Forster, 1964 Daedalma Hewitson, 1858 Dangond Adams & Bernard, 1979 Drucina Butler, 1872 Druphila Pyrcz, 2004 Eretris Thieme, 1905 Eteona Doubleday, 1848 Foetterleia Viloria, 2004 Junea Hemming, 1964 Lasiophila Felder & Felder, 1859 Lymanopoda Westwood, 1851 Mygona Thieme, 1907 Neopedaliodes Viloria, Miller & Miller 2004 Oxeoschistus Butler, 1867 Panyapedaliodes Forster, 1964 Paramo Adams & Bernard, 1977 Parapedaliodes Forster, 1964 Pedaliodes Butler, 1867 Pherepedaliodes Forster, 1964 Physcopedaliodes Forster, 1964 Praepedaliodes Forster, 1964 Praepronophila Forster, 1964 Proboscis Thieme, 1907 Pronophila Doubleday, 1849 Protopedaliodes Viloria & Pyrcz, 1994 Pseudomaniola Röber, 1889 Punapedaliodes Forster, 1964 Steremnia Thieme, 1905 Steroma Westwood, 1850 Steromapedaliodes Forster, 1964 Thiemeia Weymer, 1912 Diaphanos Adams & Bernard, 1981 Ianussiusa Pyrcz & Viloria, 2004 Idioneurula Strand, 1932 Manerebia Staudinger, 1897 Neomaniola Hayward, 1949 Argyrophorus Blanchard, 1852 Auca Hayward, 1953 Chillanella Herrera, 1966 Cosmosatyrus Felder & Felder, 1867 Elina Blanchard, 1852 Faunula Felder & Felder, 1867 Haywardella Herrera, 1966 Homoeonympha Felder & Felder, 1867 Nelia Hayward, 1953 Neomaenas Wallengren, 1858 Neosatyrus Wallengren, 1858 Pampasatyrus Hayward, 1953 Quilaphoestosus Herrera, 1966 Spinantenna Hayward, 1953 Tetraphlebia Felder & Felder, 1867 Gyrocheilus Butler, 1867

Satyrina Boisduval, 1833

Argestina Riley, 1923 Davidina Oberthür, 1879 Berberia de Lesse, 1951 Hipparchia Fabricius, 1807 Kanetisa Moore, 1893 Aulocera Butler, 1867 Karanasa Moore, 1893 Oeneis Hübner, 1819 Paroeneis Moore, 1893 Arethusana de Lesse, 1951 Brintesia Fruhstorfer, 1911 Minois Hübner, 1819 Chazara Moore, 1893 Pseudochazara de Lesse, 1951 Satyrus Latreille, 1810

Ypthimina Reuter, 1896

Cassionympha van Son, 1955 Coenyra Hewitson, 1865 Coenyropsis van Son, 1958 Mashuna van Son, 1955 Mashunoides Mendes & Bivar de Sousa, 2009 Melampias Hübner, 1819 Neita van Son, 1955 Neocoenyra Butler, 1886 Pseudonympha Wallengren, 1857 Paternympha Henning & Henning, 1997 Physcaeneura Wallengren, 1857 Strabena Mabille, 1877 Stygionympha van Son, 1955 Ypthima Hübner, 1818 Austroypthima Holloway, 1974 Ypthimomorpha van Son, 1955

subtribe uncertain

Calisto Hübner, 1823 Paralasa Moore, 1893 Callerebia Butler, 1867 Proterebia Roos & Amschied, 1980 Loxerebia Watkins, 1925 Dyndirus Capronnier, 1874

Notes

Citations

Sources

• Chen, Lu; Wahlberg, Niklas; Liao, Cheng-Qing; Wang, Chen-Bin; Ma, Fang-Zhou; Huang, Guo-Hua (2020). . Genomics. 112 (6): 4435–4441. doi:. PMID . S2CID .
• Freitas, André V.L.; Mota, Luísa L.; Barbosa, Eduardo P.; Carreira, Junia Y.O. (2019). . Zoologia. 36: 1–7. doi:. S2CID .
• Harvey, D.J. (1991). "Higher classification of the Nymphalidae, Appendix B.". In Nijhout, H.F. (ed.). . Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 255–273.
• Lamas, G. (2004). Checklist: Part 4A. Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea. Atlas of neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera/Scientific Publishers. ISBN 0945417284. OCLC .
• Marín, M.A.; Peña, C.; Freitas, A.V.L.; Wahlberg, N.; Uribe, S.I. (2011). . Neotropical Entomology. 40 (1): 1–13. doi:. PMID .
• Miller, Lee D. (1968). . Memoirs of the American Entomological Society. 24: 1–174.
• Peña, Carlos; Wahlberg, Niklas; Weingartner, Elisabet; Kodandaramaiah, Ullasa; Nylin, Sören; Freitas, André V.L.; Brower, Andrew V.Z. (2006). (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (1): 29–49. Bibcode:. doi:. PMID .
• Peña, Carlos; Wahlberg, Niklas (2008). (PDF). Biology Letters. 4 (3): 274–278. doi:. PMC . PMID . Peña, Carlos; Wahlberg, Niklas (2008). (PDF).
• PEÑA, CARLOS; NYLIN, SÖREN; WAHLBERG, NIKLAS (2011). . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (1): 64–87. doi:.
• Wahlberg, Niklas. . Wahlberg, Niklas (2019). . NYMPHALIDAE.net.

External links

• at NYMPHALIDAE.net (There is no individual page for Satyrini as it is split into pages for each subtribes.)
• at TREE OF LIFE web project
• at Pteron World (in Japanese)