Timeline of Aleppo

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Aleppo, Syria.

Prior to 10th century

Founded before 2000 BCE
1800–1525 BCE – part of the Amorite dynasty
333 BCE – Alexander the Great in power.
286 BCE – Hellenic settlement of Beroea established.
88 BCE – City becomes part of Kingdom of Armenia.
64 BCE – City becomes part of Roman Syria.
611 CE – Persian Chosroes II in power.
637 July–October: Siege of Aleppo by Muslim forces. Al-Shuaibiyah Mosque built.
717 – Great Mosque built.

10th–12th centuries

944 – Sayf al-Dawla in power.
962 – City sacked by the Byzantines.
1086 - Aleppo submit to the rule of Malik-Shah, the Turkish ruler of the Seljuk Empire
1094 – After defeating opposing Seljuk governor Aq Sunqur, Tutush becomes ruler of the city.
1124 – City besieged by Christian crusaders under Baldwin II of Jerusalem.
1124 – Al-Halawiyah Madrasa built.
1138 – 11 October: Earthquake was one of deadliest of all time.
1168 – Al-Muqaddamiyah Madrasa established.
1170 – 29 June: Earthquake.
1183 – Saladin assumes power.
1193 Az-Zahir Ghazi in power. Al-Shadbakhtiyah Madrasa built.

13th century

1211 – Hammam al-Sultan built.
1212 – Bab al-Nasr (gate) rebuilt.
1218 – Aqueduct restored.
1223 – Al-Sultaniyah Madrasa established.
1230 – Bab al-Maqam (gate) built.
1236 – Al-Firdaws Madrasa established.
1237 Khanqah al-Farafira (monastery) and Al-Kameliyah Madrasa built. Bab al-Nairab (gate) built (approximate date).
1242 – Al-Sharafiyah Madrasa built.
1251 – Al-Turantaiyah Madrasa built.
1256 – Bab Qinnasrin (gate) rebuilt.
1260 – City besieged by Mongol forces under Hulagu Khan.
1280 – City besieged by Mongol forces.

14th–15th centuries

1303 – Mahmandar Mosque built.
1318 – Altun Bogha Mosque built.
1350 – Al-Sahibiyah Mosque built.
1354 – Bimaristan Arghun al-Kamili (asylum) active.
1398 – Al-Otrush Mosque and Al-Tawashi mosque built.
1400 – City sacked by forces of Timur of Transoxia.
1427 – Citadel expanded.
1418 – Central Synagogue rebuilt.[citation needed]
1425 – Al-Saffahiyah Mosque built.
1429 – Forty Martyrs Cathedral consecrated.
1450 Khan al-Qadi active in Al-Madina Souq.[citation needed] Hammam al-Bayadah built.
1472 – Khan al-Burghul built in Al-Madina Souq.
1491 – Hammam Yalbugha built.
1500 Cathedral of Our Lady of Syrians built. Church of the Dormition of Our Lady renovated.

16th century

1509 – Bab al-Hadid (gate) rebuilt.
1516 – Ottoman Selim I in power.
1517 – Becomes part of Ottoman Empire.
1534 – City becomes capital of Aleppo Eyalet.
1537 – Population: 80,000.
1539 – Souq Khan al-Nahhaseen built in Al-Madina Souq.
1546 – Khan al-Shouneh built in Al-Madina Souq.
1547 – Khusruwiyah Mosque built.
1548 – Consulate of Republic of Venice established.
1557 – Al-Adiliyah Mosque built (approximate date).
1562 – Consulate of France established.
1583 – Consulate of England established.

17th–18th centuries

1603 – Beit Wakil (mansion) built.
1622 – Levant Company in business.
1613 – Consulate of the Netherlands established.
1629 – Guild of "makers of swords, knives, daggers, bows, and shields" organized.
1682 - Souq Khan al-Wazir built in Al-Madina Souq.
1683 - Population: 115,000.
1706 - Printing press established.
1724 – Al-Ahmadiyah Madrasa established.
1730 – Madrasa Ridaiya established.

19th century

1805 – Uprising.
1812 – Earthquake; citadel collapses.
1814 – "Janissary massacre."
1822 – Earthquake.
1823 Cholera outbreak. Population: 250,000 (approximate).
1827 – Plague.
1830 – Earthquake.
1832 Ibrahim Pasha takes city for Muhammad Ali of Egypt. Cholera outbreak.
1834 – Military barracks built in the Citadel.
1840 – Mohammed Ali relinquishes power.
1850 City besieged by Beduins. Massacre of Aleppo (1850).
1853 – Pogrom of Jews.
1858 – Population: 70,000 (approximate).
1859 – Terre-Sainte College opens.
1864 – City becomes capital of Aleppo Vilayet.
1868 – Municipal council formed.
1873 – Saint Elias Cathedral built.
1875 – Pogrom of Jews.
1878 – Population: 95,000 (approximate).
1885 – Aleppo chamber of commerce founded.
1892 – Thanawiyyat al-Ma'mun (school) opens.
1899 - Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower built.

20th century

1901 – Ades Synagogue established.
1906 – Hama-Aleppo railway in operation.
1909 – Abd al-Wahab al-Inklizi becomes mayor.
1910 Nadi al-Ta'ddud (Mutual Aid Society) founded. Population: 130,000 (approximate).
1911 – Baron Hotel in business.
1912 – Baghdad Railway in operation.
1916 – Aleppo College established.
1918 – Ihsan al-Jabiri becomes mayor.
1920 - Syria mandated to the French; city becomes capital of State of Aleppo.
1922 - Red Hand Society organized (approximate date).
1924 Damascus and Aleppo united by the French. Airport in operation (approximate date). Municipal library established.
1925 – Al-Yarmouk Sporting Club formed.
1927 – al-Hadith journal begins publication.
1931 - National Museum of Aleppo founded.
1933 - Grand Serail d'Alep opens.
1936 - al-Nazir newspaper begins publication.
1945 National Library of Aleppo and Club d'Alep open.
1947 - Pogrom of Jews.
1948 People's Party established. Al-Baladi Stadium opens.
1949 Aleppo Public Park created. Al-Ittihad Sports Club and Jalaa FC formed.
1950 Population: 362,500. al-Nass newspaper begins publication (approximate date).
1952 – Hurriya Sporting Club formed.
1958 – University of Aleppo established.
1963 – Nasserist insurgency.
1964 – Population: 547,030 (estimate).
1965 – Syrian Railways headquartered in city.
1970 Our Lady of Assumption church opens. Population: 639,428.
1971 – Statue of Qustaki al-Himsi erected in Liberty Square.
1975 – Popular Traditions Museum opens in Beit Achiqbash.
1977 – International School of Aleppo established.
1979 – Aleppo Artillery School massacre took place by Muslim Brotherhood.
1980 – Siege of Aleppo.
1983 – International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas seed bank founded.
1985 – Population: 1,145,117 (estimate).
1986 – Al-Hamadaniah Stadium opens.
1990 – Population: 1,216,000.
1994 Aleppo Citadel Museum opens. Population: 1,542,000 (estimate).
1997 – Lycée Français d'Alep established.

21st century

2002 – Private University of Science and Arts established.
2004 – Population: 2,132,100.
2006 – City designated an Islamic Capital of Culture.
2007 – Aleppo International Stadium opens.
2008 Sabah Fakhri Institute of music opened. Population: 4,450,000 (estimate).
2012 10 February: Bombings. 18 March: Bombing. 4 May: Protest and crackdown. 19 July: Battle of Aleppo begins. 9 September: Bombing near the 7 April Stadium. 3 October: Bombing in Saadallah Al-Jabiri Square.
2013 15 January: Aleppo University bombings. 19 March: Chemical weapon attack by militants.
2016 22 December: Battle of Aleppo ends.
2020 16 February: Syrian Armed Forces recapture the entire city of Aleppo.
2024 30 November: Syrian opposition forces capture most of the city in a surprise offensive.

Bibliography

Published in 18th–19th century

Alexander Russell (1756), , The Natural History of Aleppo, and Parts Adjacent, London: Printed for A. Millar, OCLC
H. A. S. Dearborn (1819), , A Memoir on the Commerce and Navigation of the Black Sea, Boston: Wells & Lilly
Jedidiah Morse; Richard C. Morse (1823), , New Universal Gazetteer (4thed.), New Haven: S. Converse
Henry Teonge (1825), , The Diary of Henry Teonge, chaplain on board His Majesty's ships Assistance, Bristol, and Royal Oak, anno 1675 to 1679, London: Charles Knight
Josiah Conder (1834), , Dictionary of Geography, Ancient and Modern, London: T. Tegg
John MacGregor (1844). . Commercial Statistics. London: C. Knight and Co. hdl:.
, Handbook for Travellers in Syria and Palestine, London: J. Murray, 1858, OCLC
J. Willoughby Rosse (1858). . Index of Dates ... Facts in the Chronology and History of the World. London: H.G. Bohn. hdl: – via HathiTrust.
, Palestine and Syria, Leipsig: Karl Baedeker, 1876 (+ and )

Published in 20th century

, Chambers's Encyclopaedia, London: W. & R. Chambers, 1901
"Aleppo". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol.1 (11thed.). 1910. p.541.
W.J.C. (1916). . Blackwood's Magazine. 200: 179–190. hdl:.
Ralph Davis, Aleppo and Devonshire Square English Traders in the Levant in the Eighteenth Century (1967) Macmillan
Hector William Dinning (1920), , Nile to Aleppo, London: G. Allen & Unwin
Andre Raymond (1984). "Population of Aleppo in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries according to Ottoman Census Documents". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (4): 447–460. doi:. JSTOR. S2CID.
Yasser Tabbaa. "Circles of Power: Palace, Citadel, and City in Ayyubid Aleppo." Ars Orientalis 23 (1993): 181–200.
Noelle Watson, ed. (1996). "Aleppo, Syria". International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa. UK: Routledge. ISBN1884964036.

Published in 21st century

David Dean Commins (2004). "Aleppo". . Scarecrow Press. ISBN978-0-8108-4934-1.
Josef W. Meri, ed. (2006). "Aleppo". . Routledge. p.27. ISBN978-0-415-96691-7.
C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Aleppo". . Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. p.. ISBN978-9004153882.
Jean-Claude David (2008). "Aleppo: from the Ottoman Metropolis to the Syrian City". In Salma K. Jayyusi; etal. (eds.). . Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. pp.329–356. ISBN9789004162402.
Gabor Agoston; Bruce Alan Masters (2009). "Aleppo". . Facts on File. p.30. ISBN978-1-4381-1025-7.
Nora Lafi, "" in Christoph Bernhardt, Martin Sabrow, Achim Saupe (eds.)., Gebaute Geschichte. Historische Authentizität im Stadtraum, Göttingen, Wallstein, 2017, pp.206–228.
Winter, Stefan; Ade, Mafalda, eds. (2019). . Brill. ISBN978-90-04-37902-2.

External links

Michel Ecochard. . Regional Surveys. ArchNet. 1930s–1940s
ArchNet. . Archived from on 30 October 2013.
Europeana.
Digital Public Library of America.
Laura Kurgan (ed.). . New York: Columbia University, Center for Spatial Research. Map of Aleppo...before and during the current civil war 2016–

36°13′N 37°10′E/36.217°N 37.167°E/ 36.217; 37.167