Chipaque Formation
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The Chipaque Formation (Spanish: Formación Chipaque, K2cp, Kc) is a geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The formation is also described as Gachetá Formation, named after Gachetá, in the area of the Llanos foothills of the Eastern Ranges. The predominantly organic shale formation dates to the Late Cretaceous period; Cenomanian-Turonian epochs and has a maximum thickness of 1,700 metres (5,600 ft). The formation, rich in TOC, is an important oil and gas generating unit for the giant oilfields Cupiagua and Cusiana of the Eastern Ranges as well as in the Llanos Orientales.
Etymology
The formation was named in 1931 as group and as formation in 1957 by Hubach after Chipaque, Cundinamarca.
Description
Lithologies
The Chipaque Formation has a maximum thickness of 1,700 metres (5,600 ft) and is characterised by a sequence of pyritic organic shales, limestones and siltstones, with sandstone banks intercalated in the formation. The Chipaque Formation contains a high density of fauna. The formation is rich in TOC and one of the principal source rocks for oil and gas generation in the foothills of the Eastern Ranges, sourcing such fields as Cusiana, Cupiagua and many others. Chipaque also sourced the oilfields of the Llanos Orientales. In the Chitasugá-1 well, drilled between 1980 and 1981, from the sandstones of the Chipaque Formation half a million m3 of water were produced. The sandstone beds are reservoir rocks for oil in the Eastern Ranges.
Stratigraphy and depositional environment
The Chipaque Formation overlies the Une Formation and is overlain by the Guadalupe Group. The core of the Zipaquirá Anticline consists of the Chipaque Formation. The age has been estimated to be Cenomanian-Turonian. Stratigraphically, the formation is time equivalent with the Simijaca Formation. The formation has been deposited in an open to shallow marine platform setting. The deposition is represented by a maximum flooding surface and anoxic conditions.
Outcrops
The Chipaque Formation is apart from its type locality, found in the Eastern Hills of Bogotá, the Ocetá Páramo and many other locations in the Eastern Ranges. The anticlinals of the Río Blanco-Machetá, San José and Sopó-Sesquilé are composed of the Chipaque Formation.
Regional correlations
| Ma | Age | Paleomap | Regional events | Catatumbo | Cordillera | proximal Llanos | distal Llanos | Putumayo | VSM | Environments | Maximum thickness | Petroleum geology | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.01 | Holocene | Holocene volcanism Seismic activity | alluvium | Overburden | |||||||||
| 1 | Pleistocene | Pleistocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 Glaciations | Guayabo | Soatá Sabana | Necesidad | Guayabo | Gigante Neiva | Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo) | 550 m (1,800 ft) (Guayabo) | ||||
| 2.6 | Pliocene | Pliocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 GABI | Subachoque | ||||||||||
| 5.3 | Messinian | Andean orogeny 3 Foreland | Marichuela | Caimán | Honda | ||||||||
| 13.5 | Langhian | Regional flooding | León | hiatus | Caja | León | Lacustrine (León) | 400 m (1,300 ft) (León) | Seal | ||||
| 16.2 | Burdigalian | Miocene inundations Andean orogeny 2 | C1 | Carbonera C1 | Ospina | Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C1) | 850 m (2,790 ft) (Carbonera) | Reservoir | |||||
| 17.3 | C2 | Carbonera C2 | Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2) | Seal | |||||||||
| 19 | C3 | Carbonera C3 | Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3) | Reservoir | |||||||||
| 21 | Early Miocene | Pebas wetlands | C4 | Carbonera C4 | Barzalosa | Distal fluvio-deltaic (C4) | Seal | ||||||
| 23 | Late Oligocene | Andean orogeny 1 Foredeep | C5 | Carbonera C5 | Orito | Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C5) | Reservoir | ||||||
| 25 | C6 | Carbonera C6 | Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6) | Seal | |||||||||
| 28 | Early Oligocene | C7 | C7 | Pepino | Gualanday | Proximal deltaic-marine (C7) | Reservoir | ||||||
| 32 | Oligo-Eocene | C8 | Usme | C8 | onlap | Marine-deltaic (C8) | Seal Source | ||||||
| 35 | Late Eocene | Mirador | Mirador | Coastal (Mirador) | 240 m (790 ft) (Mirador) | Reservoir | |||||||
| 40 | Middle Eocene | Regadera | hiatus | ||||||||||
| 45 | |||||||||||||
| 50 | Early Eocene | Socha | Los Cuervos | Deltaic (Los Cuervos) | 260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos) | Seal Source | |||||||
| 55 | Late Paleocene | PETM 2000 ppm CO2 | Los Cuervos | Bogotá | Gualanday | ||||||||
| 60 | Early Paleocene | SALMA | Barco | Guaduas | Barco | Rumiyaco | Fluvial (Barco) | 225 m (738 ft) (Barco) | Reservoir | ||||
| 65 | Maastrichtian | KT extinction | Catatumbo | Guadalupe | Monserrate | Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe) | 750 m (2,460 ft) (Guadalupe) | Reservoir | |||||
| 72 | Campanian | End of rifting | Colón-Mito Juan | ||||||||||
| 83 | Santonian | Villeta/Güagüaquí | |||||||||||
| 86 | Coniacian | ||||||||||||
| 89 | Turonian | Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event | La Luna | Chipaque | Gachetá | hiatus | Restricted marine (all) | 500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá) | Source | ||||
| 93 | Cenomanian | Rift 2 | |||||||||||
| 100 | Albian | Une | Une | Caballos | Deltaic (Une) | 500 m (1,600 ft) (Une) | Reservoir | ||||||
| 113 | Aptian | Capacho | Fómeque | Motema | Yaví | Open marine (Fómeque) | 800 m (2,600 ft) (Fómeque) | Source (Fóm) | |||||
| 125 | Barremian | High biodiversity | Aguardiente | Paja | Shallow to open marine (Paja) | 940 m (3,080 ft) (Paja) | Reservoir | ||||||
| 129 | Hauterivian | Rift 1 | Tibú- Mercedes | Las Juntas | hiatus | Deltaic (Las Juntas) | 910 m (2,990 ft) (Las Juntas) | Reservoir (LJun) | |||||
| 133 | Valanginian | Río Negro | Cáqueza Macanal Rosablanca | Restricted marine (Macanal) | 2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal) | Source (Mac) | |||||||
| 140 | Berriasian | Girón | |||||||||||
| 145 | Tithonian | Break-up of Pangea | Jordán | Arcabuco | Buenavista Batá | Saldaña | Alluvial, fluvial (Buenavista) | 110 m (360 ft) (Buenavista) | "Jurassic" | ||||
| 150 | Early-Mid Jurassic | Passive margin 2 | La Quinta | Montebel Noreán | hiatus | Coastal tuff (La Quinta) | 100 m (330 ft) (La Quinta) | ||||||
| 201 | Late Triassic | Mucuchachi | Payandé | ||||||||||
| 235 | Early Triassic | Pangea | hiatus | "Paleozoic" | |||||||||
| 250 | Permian | ||||||||||||
| 300 | Late Carboniferous | Famatinian orogeny | Cerro Neiva () | ||||||||||
| 340 | Early Carboniferous | Fossil fish Romer's gap | Cuche (355-385) | Farallones () | Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche) | 900 m (3,000 ft) (Cuche) | |||||||
| 360 | Late Devonian | Passive margin 1 | Río Cachirí (360-419) | Ambicá () | Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones) | 2,400 m (7,900 ft) (Farallones) | |||||||
| 390 | Early Devonian | High biodiversity | Floresta (387-400) El Tíbet | Shallow marine (Floresta) | 600 m (2,000 ft) (Floresta) | ||||||||
| 410 | Late Silurian | Silurian mystery | |||||||||||
| 425 | Early Silurian | hiatus | |||||||||||
| 440 | Late Ordovician | Rich fauna in Bolivia | San Pedro (450-490) | Duda () | |||||||||
| 470 | Early Ordovician | First fossils | Busbanzá (>470±22) ChuscalesOtengá | Guape () | Río Nevado () | Hígado ()Agua Blanca Venado (470-475) | |||||||
| 488 | Late Cambrian | Regional intrusions | Chicamocha (490-515) | Quetame () | Ariarí () | SJ del Guaviare (490-590) | San Isidro () | ||||||
| 515 | Early Cambrian | Cambrian explosion | |||||||||||
| 542 | Ediacaran | Break-up of Rodinia | pre-Quetame | post-Parguaza | El Barro () | Yellow: allochthonous basement (Chibcha terrane) Green: autochthonous basement (Río Negro-Juruena Province) | Basement | ||||||
| 600 | Neoproterozoic | Cariri Velhos orogeny | Bucaramanga (600-1400) | pre-Guaviare | |||||||||
| 800 | Snowball Earth | ||||||||||||
| 1000 | Mesoproterozoic | Sunsás orogeny | Ariarí (1000) | La Urraca (1030-1100) | |||||||||
| 1300 | Rondônia-Juruá orogeny | pre-Ariarí | Parguaza (1300-1400) | Garzón (1180-1550) | |||||||||
| 1400 | pre-Bucaramanga | ||||||||||||
| 1600 | Paleoproterozoic | Maimachi (1500-1700) | pre-Garzón | ||||||||||
| 1800 | Tapajós orogeny | Mitú (1800) | |||||||||||
| 1950 | Transamazonic orogeny | pre-Mitú | |||||||||||
| 2200 | Columbia | ||||||||||||
| 2530 | Archean | Carajas-Imataca orogeny | |||||||||||
| 3100 | Kenorland | ||||||||||||
| Sources |
Legend
- group
- important formation
- fossiliferous formation
- minor formation
- (age in Ma)
- proximal Llanos (Medina)
- distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)
Gallery
- Oyster fossils from a sandstone bank of the Chipaque Formation
- Organic shale of the Chipaque Formation
- Chipaque Formation Ocetá Páramo
- Chipaque Formation Ocetá Páramo
- Banded shale of the Chipaque Formation Ocetá Páramo
See also
- Geology of the Eastern Hills
- Geology of the Ocetá Páramo
- Geology of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense
- Petroleum industry in Colombia
Notes and references
Notes
Bibliography
- García, Helbert; Jiménez, Giovanny (2016), "Structural analysis of the Zipaquirá Anticline (Eastern Cordillera, Colombia)", Boletín de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 39 (39): 21–32, doi:
- Schütz, Christian (2012), Combined structural and Petroleum Systems Modeling in the Eastern Cordillera Basin, Colombia (MSc. thesis), Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen & Instituto Colombiano del Petróleo, pp. 1–161
- Villamil, Tomas (2012), Chronology Relative Sea Level History and a New Sequence Stratigraphic Model for Basinal Cretaceous Facies of Colombia, Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM), pp. 161–216
- Cortés, Martín; García, Diego; Bayona, Germán; Blanco, Yolima (2009), Timing of oil generation in the Eastern flank of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia based on kinematic models; implications in the Llanos Foothills and Foreland charge, Asociación Colombiana de Geólogos y Geofisicos del Petróleo (ACGGP), pp. 1–8
- García González, Mario; Mier Umaña, Ricardo; Cruz Guevara, Luis Enrique; Vásquez, Mauricio (2009), Informe Ejecutivo - evaluación del potencial hidrocarburífero de las cuencas colombianas, Universidad Industrial de Santander, pp. 1–219
- Montoya Arenas, Diana María; Reyes Torres, Germán Alfonso (2005), Geología de la Sabana de Bogotá, INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–104
- Guerrero Uscátegui, Alberto Lobo (1993), Informe sobre la Cuenca Petrolífera de la Sabana de Bogotá, Colombia, pp. 1–29
- Guerrero Uscátegui, Alberto Lobo (1992), Geología e Hidrogeología de Santafé de Bogotá y su Sabana, Sociedad Colombiana de Ingenieros, pp. 1–20
Reports
- Reyes, Germán; Montoya, Diana; Terraza, Roberto; Fuquen, Jaime; Mayorga, Marcela; Gaona, Tatiana; Etayo, Fernando (2008), Geología del cinturón esmeraldífero oriental Planchas 210, 228, 229, INGEOMINAS, pp. 1−126
- Acosta Garay, Jorge; Ulloa Melo, Carlos E. (2001), Geología de la Plancha 227 - La Mesa - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–80
- Terraza, Roberto; Montoya, Diana; Reyes, Germán; Moreno, Giovanni; Fúquen, Jaime; Torres Jaimes, Eliana; López Cardona, Myriam; Nivia Guevara, Álvaro; Etayo Serna, Fernando (2013), (PDF), Servicio Geológico Colombiano, pp. 1–296
- Patiño, Alejandro; Fuquen, Jaime; Ramos, Julián; Pedraza, Andrea; Ceballos, Leonardo; Pinzón, Lyda; Jerónimo, Yadira; Álvarez, Leidy; Torres, Andrea (2011), (PDF), INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–100, archived from (PDF) on 2017-08-15 2017-08-15 at the Wayback Machine
Maps
- Ulloa, Carlos E.; Guerra, Álvaro; Escovar, Ricardo (1998), , INGEOMINAS, p. 1
- Ulloa, Carlos E.; Rodríguez, Erasmo; Escovar, Ricardo (1998), , INGEOMINAS, p. 1
- Renzoni, Giancarlo (1992), , INGEOMINAS, p. 1
- Montoya, Diana María; Reyes, Germán (2009), , INGEOMINAS, p. 1
- Terraza, Roberto; Moreno, Giovanni; Buitrago, José A.; Pérez, Adrián; Montoya, Diana María (2010), , INGEOMINAS, p. 1
- Ulloa, Carlos; Rodríguez, Erasmo (2009), , INGEOMINAS, p. 1
- Buitrago, José Alberto; Terraza M., Roberto; Etayo, Fernando (1998), , INGEOMINAS, p. 1
- Ulloa, Carlos E; Escovar, Ricardo; Pacheco, Adolfo H. (2009), , INGEOMINAS, p. 1
- Acosta, Jorge E.; Ulloa, Carlos E. (1998), , INGEOMINAS, p. 1
- Acosta, Jorge; Calcedo, Juan Carlos; Ulloa, Carlos (1999), , INGEOMINAS, p. 1
- Pulido, Orlando; Gómez, Luz Stella; Marín, Pedro (1998), , INGEOMINAS, p. 1
- Acosta, Jorge; Caro, Pablo; Fuquen, Jaime; Osorno, José (2002), Plancha 303 - Colombia - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, p. 1
- Velandia, Francisco; Cepeda, Héctor (2005), Planchas 171 & 191 - Geología sector del sur del municipio de Paipa (Boyacá) - 1:25,000, INGEOMINAS
- Various, Authors (1997), (PDF), INGEOMINAS, p. 1
External links
- Gómez, J.; Montes, N.E.; Nivia, Á.; Diederix, H. (2015), , Servicio Geológico Colombiano, p. 1