Currency union

A currency union (also known as monetary union) is an intergovernmental agreement that involves two or more states sharing the same currency. These states may not necessarily have any further integration (such as an economic and monetary union, which would have, in addition, a customs union and a single market).

There are three types of currency unions:

• Informal – unilateral adoption of a foreign currency.
• Formal – adoption of foreign currency by virtue of bilateral or multilateral agreement with the monetary authority, sometimes supplemented by issue of local currency in currency peg regime.
• Formal with common policy – establishment by multiple countries of a common monetary policy and monetary authority for their common currency.

The theory of the optimal currency area addresses the question of how to determine what geographical regions should share a currency in order to maximize economic efficiency.

Convergence and divergence

Convergence in terms of macroeconomics means that countries have a similar economic behaviour (similar inflation rates and economic growth). It is easier to form a currency union for countries with more convergence as these countries have the same or at least very similar goals. The European Monetary Union (EMU) is a contemporary model for forming currency unions. Membership in the EMU requires that countries follow a strictly defined set of criteria (the member states are required to have a specific rate of inflation, government deficit, government debt, long-term interest rates and exchange rate). Many other unions have adopted the view that convergence is necessary, so they now follow similar rules to aim the same direction.

Divergence is the exact opposite of convergence. Countries with different goals are very difficult to integrate in a single currency union. Their economic behaviour is completely different, which may lead to disagreements. Divergence is therefore not optimal for forming a currency union.

History

The first currency unions were established in the 19th century. The German Zollverein came into existence in 1834, and by 1866, it included most of the German states. The fragmented states of the German Confederation agreed on common policies to increase trade and political unity.

The Latin Monetary Union, comprising France, Belgium, Italy, Switzerland, and Greece, existed between 1865 and 1927, with coinage made of gold and silver. Coins of each country were legal tender and freely interchangeable across the area. The union's success made other states join informally.

The Scandinavian Monetary Union, comprising Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, existed between 1873 and 1905 and used a currency based on gold. The system was dissolved by Sweden in 1924.

A currency union among the British colonies and protectorates in Southeast Asia, namely the Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak, Singapore and Brunei was established in 1952. The Malaya and British Borneo dollar, the common currency for circulation was issued by the Board of Commissioners of Currency, Malaya and British Borneo from 1953 until 1967. Following the cessation of the common currency arrangement, Malaysia (the combination of Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak), Singapore and Brunei began issuing their own currencies. Contemporarily, a currency reunion of these countries might still be feasible based on the findings of economic convergence.

List of currency unions

Existing

Note: Every customs and monetary union and economic and monetary union also has a currency union.

Zimbabwe is theoretically in a currency union with four blocs as the South African rand, Botswana pula, British pound and US dollar freely circulate. The US Dollar was, until 2016, official tender.

Additionally, the autonomous and dependent territories, such as some of the EU member state special territories, are sometimes treated as separate customs territory from their mainland state or have varying arrangements of formal or de facto customs union, common market and currency union (or combinations thereof) with the mainland and in regards to third countries through the trade pacts signed by the mainland state.

Currency union in Europe

The European currency union is a part of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union (EMU). EMU was formed during the second half of the 20th century after historic agreements, such as Treaty of Paris (1951), Maastricht Treaty (1992). In 2002, the euro, a single European currency, was adopted by 12 member states. Currently, the Eurozone has 21 member states. The other members of the European Union are required to adopt the euro as their currency (except for Denmark, which has been given the right to opt out), but there has not been a specific date set. The main independent institution responsible for stability of the euro is the European Central Bank (ECB). The Eurosystem groups together the ECB and the national central banks (NCBs) of the Member States whose currency is the euro. The European System of Central Banks (ESCB) is made up of the ECB and the national central banks of all Member States of the European Union (EU), regardless of whether or not they have adopted the euro. The Governing Board consists of the executive committee of the ECB and the governors of individual national banks, and determines the monetary policy, as well as short-term monetary objectives, key interest rates and the extent of monetary reserves.

Planned

Disbanded

• between Bahrain Bahrain and Emirate of Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi using the Bahraini dinar
• between Bahrain Bahrain, Kuwait Kuwait, Oman, Qatar Qatar and the Trucial States Trucial States, using the Gulf rupee from 1959 until 1966
• between Aden, South Arabia, Bahrain Bahrain, Kenya, Kuwait Kuwait, Oman, Qatar Qatar, British Somaliland British Somaliland, Trucial States the Trucial States, Uganda, Zanzibar and British Raj British India (later independent India India) using the Indian rupee until 1974
• between Belgium Belgium and the Luxembourg Grand-Duchy of Luxemburg (Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union) using the Belgian/Luxembourgish franc from 1921 to the Euro
• between British Raj British India and the Straits Settlements Straits Settlements (1837–1867) using the Indian rupee
• between Czech Republic Czech Republic and Slovakia Slovakia (briefly from January 1, 1993, to February 8, 1993) using the Czechoslovak koruna
• between Ethiopia Ethiopia and Eritrea Eritrea using the Ethiopian birr
• between France France, Monaco Monaco, and Andorra Andorra using the French franc
• between Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary and Liechtenstein Liechtenstein using the Austro-Hungarian krone
• between the Eastern Caribbean, Jamaica, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago and British Guiana British Guiana using the British West Indies dollar
• between the Eastern Caribbean, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago and British Guiana British Guiana using the Eastern Caribbean dollar
• between Italy Italy, Holy See Vatican City, and San Marino San Marino using the Italian lira
• between Jamaica Jamaica and the Cayman Islands Cayman Islands using the Jamaican pound and later Jamaican dollar
• between Kenya, Uganda, and Zanzibar using the East African rupee
• between Kenya, Uganda, and Zanzibar (and later Tanganyika) using the East African florin
• between Kenya Kenya, Tanganyika and Zanzibar Zanzibar (later merged as Tanzania Tanzania), Uganda Uganda, Federation of South Arabia South Arabia, British Somaliland British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland using the East African shilling
• Latin Monetary Union (1865–1927), initially between French Third Republic France, Belgium Belgium, Kingdom of Italy Italy and Switzerland Switzerland, and later involving Kingdom of Greece Greece, Kingdom of Romania Romania, Spain and other countries.
• between Liberia Liberia and the United States United States using the United States dollar
• between Mauritius Mauritius and Seychelles Seychelles using the Mauritian rupee
• between Nigeria, the Gambia, Sierra Leone, Gold Coast (British colony) the Gold Coast and Liberia Liberia using the British West African pound
• between Kingdom of Prussia Prussia and the North German states (1838–1857) using the North German thaler
• between Russia Russia and the former Soviet republics (1991–1993) using the Soviet ruble
• between Armenia Armenia and Republic of Artsakh Artsakh using the Armenian dram
• between Qatar Qatar and all the emirates of the United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates, except Abu Dhabi using the Qatari and Dubai riyal
• between Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia and Qatar Qatar using the Saudi riyal
• between Western Samoa and New Zealand New Zealand using the New Zealand pound
• Scandinavian Monetary Union (1870s until 1924), between Denmark Denmark, Norway Norway and Sweden Sweden
• between the Solomon Islands Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea and Australia Australia using the Australian dollar
• between Australia Australia, Papua, New Guinea, Nauru, the Solomon Islands, and the Gilbert and Ellice Islands using the Australian pound
• between Bavaria, Baden, Württemberg, Frankfurt, and Hohenzollern using the South German guilder
• between Spain Spain and Andorra Andorra using the Spanish peseta
• between Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago and Grenada Grenada using the Trinidad and Tobago dollar
• between Brunei Brunei, Malaysia Malaysia, and Singapore Singapore (1953–1967) using the Malaya and British Borneo dollar
• between Cambodia, Laos, Guangzhouwan, Annam, Tonkin, and Cochinchina (later State of Vietnam Vietnam) between 1885 and 1952 using the French Indochinese piastre
• between South Africa, South West Africa South West Africa, and Bechuanaland (later independent Botswana Botswana) using the South African rand
• between Egypt Egypt, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, and Mandatory Palestine (until 1926) using the Egyptian pound
• between West Germany West Germany and East Germany East Germany between 1 July 1990 and 3 October 1990, as part of a temporary, so-called "Monetary, Economic and Social Union" prior to German reunification.
• between what ultimately became the Republic of Ireland Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom United Kingdom, between 1928 and 1979. The Irish Pound was held at exactly the same value as Sterling for this period, although it was not accepted for payments in the UK.
• Yen Bloc (between 1905 and 1945), between the Empire of Japan Empire of Japan, the Korean Empire Korean Empire, Manchukuo Manchukuo, Mengjiang Mengjiang, the Wang Jingwei regime Wang Jingwei regime, and Japanese-occupied Southeast Asia prior to and during World War II.

Never materialized

• proposed Pan-American monetary union – abandoned in the form proposed by Argentina
• proposed monetary union between the United Kingdom United Kingdom and Norway Norway using the pound sterling during the late 1940s and early 1950s
• proposed gold-backed, pan-African monetary union put forward by Muammar Gaddafi prior to his death

See also

• List of pegged currencies
• North American Currency Union (Amero)

Further reading

• Acocella, N. and Di Bartolomeo, G. and Tirelli, P. [2007], ‘Monetary conservatism and fiscal coordination in a monetary union’, in: ‘Economics Letters’, 94(1): 56–63.
• Bergin, Paul (2008). . In David R. Henderson (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Library of Economics and Liberty. ISBN 978-0865976658. OCLC .

External links