South American land mammal age

The South American land mammal ages (SALMA) establish a geologic timescale for prehistoric South American fauna beginning 64.5 Ma during the Paleocene and continuing through to the Late Pleistocene (0.011 Ma). These periods are referred to as ages, stages, or intervals and were established using geographic place names where fossil materials where obtained.

The basic unit of measurement is the first/last boundary statement. This shows that the first appearance event of one taxon is known to predate the last appearance event of another. If two taxa are found in the same fossil quarry or at the same stratigraphic horizon, then their age-range zones overlap.

Background

South America was an island continent for much of the Cenozoic, or the "Age of Mammals". As a result, its mammals evolved in their own unique directions, as Australia and Madagascar still have today.

Paleogeographic timeline

A simplified paleogeographic timeline of South America:

• 66 Ma – South America was connected to both North America and Antarctica. Soon after this point, it lost its connection to North America.
• 66–50 Ma – Tiupampan to Casamayoran - South America was connected to Antarctica which, in turn, was connected to Australia. The Antarctica–Australia connection was lost around the end of this interval or perhaps as much as 15 million years later.
• 50–34 Ma – Casamayoran to Tinguirirican - South America was connected to Antarctica, which was not yet covered by ice.
• 34 Ma – Tinguirirican - South America and Antarctica became detached and glaciations started to form in Antarctica.
• 34–9 Ma – Tinguirirican to Chasicoan - South America had no land connections to any other continent.
• 9–3 Ma – Huayquerian to Chapadmalalan - islands formed between South and North America. A complete Isthmus of Panama most likely formed near the end of this interval, leading to the Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI).
• 3 Ma to present – Uquian to Holocene - the land connection between South and North America is established and migration between the formerly separated continents occurs. Significantly higher rates of extinction due to climatic changes occur in South America compared to North America, resulting in an asymmetrical exchange of species between the continents. North American originating taxa diversify significantly in South America during this period. It was previously believed this asymmetry was due to the main migrational route being from north to south, rather than the opposite way.
• Pleistocene – the glacials and interglacials of the Pleistocene caused drastic eustatic sea level changes, widening and narrowing the land bridge at the 'bottleneck' of Panama. As a side-effect, the vegetation changed during this period of strong climatic changes.
• Late Pleistocene – the earliest humans arrived in South America and settled in various parts of the continent. Evidence for cohabitation with the latest Pleistocene megafauna has been found at multiple locations, such as Monte Verde in coastal Chile and Tibitó on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in Colombia.

Definitions

Cenozoic fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South America

The following formations have provided vertebrate, insect or plant fossils, formations with other invertebrates are excluded:

Fossil content

See also

• Biochronology North American land mammal age (NALMA) Asian land mammal age (ALMA) European land mammal age (ELMA or ELMMZ)
• List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colombia
• List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Ecuador
• List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Paraguay
• List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Uruguay
• List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Venezuela

Notes and references

Notes

Bibliography

SALMA

• Flynn, J.; Swisher, C.C. (1995), "Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology", Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication, 54: 317–333

Paleogene

• Gurovich, Yamila (2005), , Universidad de Buenos Aires, pp. 1–621
• Woodburne, M.O.; Goin, F.J.; Bond, M.; Carlini, A.A.; Gelfo, J.N.; López, G.M.; Iglesias, A.; Zimicz, A.N. (2013), , Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 21: 1–73, doi:

Pebas Wetlands

• Antoine, P.; Abello, J.A.; Adnet, S.; Altamirano Sierra, A.J.; Baby, P.; Billet, G.; Boivin, M.; Calderón, Y.; Candela and J. Chabain, F. Corfu, D. A. Croft, M. Ganerød, C. Jaramillo, S. Klaus, L. Marivaux, R. E. Navarrete, M. J. Orliac, F. Parra, M. E. Pérez, F. Pujos, J. Rage, Anthony Ravel, Céline Robinet, Martin Roddaz, Julia Victoria Tejada Lara, Jorge Vélez-Juarbe, Frank P. Wesselingh and Rodolfo Salas Gismondi, A.R. (2016), (PDF), Gondwana Research, 31: 30–59, Bibcode:, doi:{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Salas Gismondi, Rodolfo; Flynn, John J.; Baby, Patrice; Tejada Lara, Julia V.; Wesselingh, Frank P.; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2015), , Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 282 (1804) 20142490, doi:, PMC , PMID
• Wesselingh, F.P.; Hoorn, M.C.; Guerrero, J.; Räsänen, M.E.; Romero Pittmann, L.; Salo, J. (2006), , Scripta Geologica, 133: 291–322

Argentina

Paleogene

• Vucetich, María F. (2007), , Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. Publicación Especial, 11: 239–255

Pleistocene

• Iriondo, Martín (2010), , Museo Provincial de Ciencias Naturales Florentino Ameghino, pp. 1–360

Austral Basin

• Dal Molín, C.N.; Colombo, F. (2003), (PDF), Geogaceta, 34: 139–142
• Pérez Panera, Juan Pablo (2010), Sistemática y bioestratigrafía de los nanofósiles calcáreos del Cretácico del sudeste de la Cuenca Austral, Santa Cruz, Argentina (PhD thesis), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, pp. 1–450

Santa María-Hualfín Basin

• Bonini, Ricardo Adolfo (2014), (PDF), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, pp. 1–337
• Muruaga, Claudia M (2001), (PDF), Latin American Journal of Sedimentology and Basin Analysis, 8: 27–50

Santa Fe Province

• Vezzosi, Raúl Ignacio (2015), (PDF), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, pp. 1–913

Aconquija Formation

• Armella, Matías A.; García López, Daniel A.; Dominguez, Lucía (2018), , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 38 (1) e1425882, Bibcode:, doi:, hdl:
• Gutiérrez, A.A.; Mon, Ricardo (2004), , Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 59: 303–311
• Nasif, Norma L.; Estebán, Graciela; Georgieff, Sergio M. (2007), (PDF), Acta Geológica Lilloana, 20: 99–112

Agua de la Piedra Formation

• Cerdeño, Esperanza; Reguero, Marcelo (2015), , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 35 (2) e907173, Bibcode:, doi:, hdl:
• Cerdeño, Esperanza; Vera, Bárbara (2014), , Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 13 (11): 943–962, doi:, hdl:
• Combina, Ana María; Nullo, Francisco (2011), (PDF), Andean Geology, 38: 198–218
• Hernández Del Pino, Santiago; Seoane, Federico D.; Cerdeño, Esperanza (2017), (PDF), Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 62: 195–210
• Seoane, Federico; Cerdeño, Esperanza (2014), , Ameghiniana, 51 (5): 373–384, Bibcode:, doi:

Aisol Formation

• Forasiepi, Analía M.; Cerdeño, Esperanza; Bond, Mariano; Schmidt, Gabriela I.; Naipauer, Maximiliano; Straehl, Fiona R.; Martinelli, Agustín G.; Garrido, Alberto C.; Schmitz and James L. Crowley, Mark D. (2015), , Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 89 (3): 611–634, Bibcode:, doi:
• Forasiepi, Analía M.; Martinelli, Agustín G.; De la Fuente, Marcelo S.; Dieguez, Sergio; Bond, Mariano (2011), (PDF), Cenozoic Geology of the Central Andes of Argentina, SCS Publisher, Salta, pp. 135–154

Andalhuala Formation

• Candela, Adriana M.; Bonini, Ricardo A. (2017), , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 37 (4) e1352591, Bibcode:, doi:, hdl:

Andesitas Huancache Formation

• Goin, Francisco J.; Tejedor, Marcelo F.; Chornogubsky, Laura; López, Guillermo M.; Gelfo, Javier N.; Bond, Mariano; Woodburne, Michael O.; Gurovich, Yamila; Reguero, Marcelo (2012), , Naturwissenschaften, 99 (6): 449–463, Bibcode:, doi:, PMID
• Tejedor, Marcelo F. (2009), (PDF), American Museum Novitates (3638): 1–43, doi:, hdl: 2017-08-08 at the Wayback Machine

Arroyo Chasicó Formation

• González Ruiz, Laureano R.; Scillato Yané, Gustavo J.; Krmpotic, Cecilia M.; Carlini, Alfredo A. (2012), (PDF), Zootaxa, 3359: 55–64
• Pérez, María Encarnación; Deschamps, Cecilia M.; Vucetich, María Guiomar (2018), , Papers in Palaeontology, 4 (1): 1–19, Bibcode:, doi:
• Rasia, Luciano L.; Candela, Adriana M. (2016), , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 37 (1) e1239205, doi:, hdl:

Belgrano Formation

• Agnolin, Federico (2006), , Stud. Geol. Salmant., 42: 81–95

Bororó Formation

• Scarfati, L.; Melendi, D.L.; Volkheimer, W. (2009), , Geologica Acta, 7: 35–61

Brochero Formation

• Barbière, Franck; Cruz, Laura E.; Ortiz, Pablo E.; Pardiñas, Ulyses F. J. (2016), , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 36 (5) e1199557, Bibcode:, doi:, hdl:
• Zamorano, Martin (2013), (PDF), Spanish Journal of Palaeontology, 28 (2): 283–292, doi: 2021-01-21 at the Wayback Machine

Casamayor Formation

• Raigemborn, María Sol; Krause, Javier M.; Bellosi, Eduardo; Matheos, Sergio D. (2010), (PDF), Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 67: 239–256
• Raigemborn, María Sol (2008), (PDF), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, pp. 11–58

Cerro Azul Formation

• Goin, F.J.; Montalvo, C.; Visconti, G. (2000), , Estudios Geológicos, 56 (1–2): 101–126, Bibcode:, doi:
• Madozzo Jaén, M. Carolina; Pérez, M. Encarnación; Montalvo, Claudia I.; Tomassini, Rodrigo L. (2018), (PDF), Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 63 (2): 241–260
• Sostillo, Renata; Montalvo, Claudia I.; Verzi, Diego H. (2014), , Ameghiniana, 51 (4): 284–294, Bibcode:, doi:

Cerro Bandera Formation

• Kramarz, Alejandro G.; Bond, Mariano; Arnal, Michelle (2015), , Ameghiniana, 52 (6): 585–597, Bibcode:, doi:
• Kramarz, Alejandro; Garrido, Alberto; Forasiepi, Analía; Bond, Mariano; Tambussi, Claudia (2005), , Revista Geológica de Chile, 32 (2): 273–291, doi:

Chapadmalal Formation

• Elissamburu, Andrea; Dondas, Alejandro; de Santis, Luciano (2011), (PDF), Mastozoología Neotropical, 18: 227–238
• Oliva, Cristian; Zurita, Alfredo Eduardo; Dondas, Alejandro; Scillato Yané, Gustavo Juan (2010), (PDF), Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, 27: 112–120
• Olivares, A. Itatí; Verzi, Diego H.; Guiomar Vucetich, M. (2012), (PDF), Ameghiniana, 49 (2): 198–216, Bibcode:, doi:
• Pérez Ben, Celeste M.; Gómez, Raúl O.; Báez, Ana M. (2019), "A new Pliocene true toad (Anura: Bufonidae): first record of an extinct species from South America", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 39 (1) e1576183, Bibcode:, doi:

Chichinales Formation

• Agnolin, Federico L.; Chafrat, Pablo (2015), , Annales de Paléontologie, 101 (2): 87–94, Bibcode:, doi:
• Kramarz, Alejandro Gustavo; Paz, Ernesto Rodrigo (2013), (PDF), Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, 30: 186–195

Chiquimil Formation

• Esteban, G.; Nasif, N.; Georgieff, S.M. (2014), (PDF), Acta Geológica Lilloana, 26: 165–192
• Madozzo Jaén, María Carolina; Pérez, María Encarnación (2017), , Historical Biology, 29 (3): 376–383, Bibcode:, doi:, hdl:
• Martínez, Leandro C.A.; Lutz, Alicia I. (2004), (PDF), Universidad Nacional del Nordeste - Comunicaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, pp. 1–3
• Mautino, Lilia R.; Anzótegui, Luisa M., (PDF), Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, pp. 1–3
• Morton, L.S.; Herbst, R., (PDF), Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, pp. 1–3

Collón Curá Formation

• Abello, María Alejandra; Rubilar Rogers, David (2012), , Ameghiniana, 49 (2): 164–184, Bibcode:, doi:
• Dalla Salda, Luis; Franzese, Juan (2014), , Revista Geológica de Chile, 31: 3–13
• Escosteguy, Leonardo; Franchi, Mario (2010), (PDF), Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 66: 418–429
• Nardoni, Bárbara Vera; Reguero, Marcelo; González Ruiz, Laureano (2017), , Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 62 (4): 845–863

Deseado Formation

• Agnolin, Federico (2006), , Revista del Museo de Ciencias Naturales, 8: 27–33, doi:
• Forasiepi, Analía M.; Babot, M. Judith; Zimicz, Natalia (2014), , Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 13 (6): 503–525, doi:, hdl:

Divisadero Largo Formation

• Simpson, G.G.; Minoprio, J.L.; Patterson, B. (1962), , Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 127: 239–293

La Ensenada Formation

• Góis, Flávio; González Ruiz, Laureano Raúl; Scillato Yané, Gustavo Juan; Soibelzon, Esteban (2015), "A Peculiar New Pampatheriidae (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Cingulata) from the Pleistocene of Argentina and Comments on Pampatheriidae Diversity", PLoS ONE, 10 (6) e0128296, Bibcode:, doi:, PMC , PMID
• Picasso, Mariana B.J.; Degrange, Federico J. (2009), , Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, 26: 428–432
• Tonni, E.P. (1999), (PDF), Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 12 (3): 273–291, Bibcode:, doi:

Las Flores Formation, Sierra del Tontal

• Cerdeño, Esperanza; Pérez, María E.; Deschamps, Cecilia M.; Contreras, Víctor H. (2019), (PDF), Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 64: 1–14

Las Flores Formation, Golfo San Jorge Basin

• Goin, F. J.; Candela, A.M.; Abello, M.A.; Oliveira, E.V. (2009), , Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 155 (4): 867–884, doi:
• Raigemborn, María Sol; Krause, Javier M.; Bellosi, Eduardo; Matheos, Sergio D. (2010), (PDF), Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 67: 239–256
• Ugalde, Raúl; Bostelmann, Enrique; Oyarzún, José Luis (2013), , GeoSur Conference IV Viña del Mar, pp. 355–358

Fortín Tres Pozos Formation

• Soibelzon, Leopoldo Héctor (2010), (PDF), Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, 27: 313–319
• Zurita, Alfredo Eduardo; Miño Boilini, Ángel Ramón; Carlini, Alfredo Armando; Iriondo, Martín; Alcaraz, María Alejandra (2009), (PDF), Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, 26: 277–288 2018-09-04 at the Wayback Machine

Gaiman Formation

• Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina (2007), , Ameghiniana, 44: 417–426
• Viglino, Mariana; Buono, Mónica R.; Gutstein, Carolina S.; Cozzuol, Mario A.; Cuitiño, José I. (2018), (PDF), Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 63 (2): 261–277, doi:

Geste Formation

• Ciancio, Martín R; Herrera, Claudia; Aramayo, Alejandro; Payrola, Patricio; Babot, Judith (2016), (PDF), Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 61 (3): 575–590, Bibcode:, doi:
• García López, D.A.; Babot, M.J. (2014), , Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 13 (7): 557–579, doi:
• López, Guillermo; Bond, Mariano (1995), , STVD. Geol. Salmant., 31: 87–99

Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation

• Reichler, Valeria A (2010), (PDF), Andean Geology, 31: 177–219

Hernandarias Formation

• Segovia, Román (2014), (PDF), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, pp. 1–372

Huayquerías Formation

• Forasiepi, Analía M.; MacPhee, Ross D.E.; Hernández del Pino, Santiago; Schmidt, Gabriela I.; Amson, Eli; Grohé, Camille (2016), (PDF), Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 404: 1–76, doi:
• Garrido, Alberto C.; Bonini, Ricardo; Barbeau, David L. (2017), , XX Congreso Geológico Argentino, pp. 50–55

Huitrera Formation

• Escosteguy, Leonardo; Franchi, Mario (2010), (PDF), Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 66: 418–429

India Muerta Formation

• García López, Daniel A.; Barbot, M. Judith (2015), , Ameghiniana, 52 (3): 314–323, Bibcode:, doi:, hdl:

La Invernada Formation

• Combina, Ana María; Sánchez, María Lidia (2003), (PDF), Revista Asociación Argentina de Sedimentología, 10: 123–135

Ituzaingó Formation

• Brandoni, Diego (2014), , Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 17 (1): 33–42, Bibcode:, doi:, hdl:
• Franco, María Jimena; Brea, Mariana; Orfeo, Óscar; Zucol, Alejandro F. (2013), (PDF), El Neógeno de la Mesopotamia argentina, Asociación Paleontológica Argentina, Publicación Especial, 14: 41–55
• Scillato Yané, Gustavo J.; Góis, Flávio; Zurita, Alfredo E.; Carlini, Alfredo A.; González Ruiz, Laureano R.; Krmpotic, Cecilia M.; Oliva, Cristian; Zamorano, Martín (2013), (PDF), Revista de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina Publicación Especial, 14: 118–134

Koluel Kaike Formation

• Raigemborn, María Sol; Krause, Javier M.; Bellosi, Eduardo; Matheos, Sergio D. (2010), (PDF), Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 67: 239–256

Laguna Brava Formation

• Vizán, H.; Geuna, S.; Melchor, R.; Bellosi, E.S.; Lagorio, S.L.; Vásquez, C.; Japas, M.S.; Ré, G.; Do Campo, M. (2013), "Geological setting and paleomagnetism of the Eocene red beds of Laguna Brava Formation (Quebrada Santo Domingo, northwestern Argentina)", Tectonophysics, 583: 105–123, Bibcode:, doi:, hdl:

Laguna del Hunco Formation

• Wilf, Peter; Johnson, Kirk R.; Cúneo, N. Rubén; Smith, M. Elliot; Singer, Bradley S.; Gandolfo, Maria A. (2005), (PDF), The American Naturalist, 135 (6): 634–650, Bibcode:, doi:, PMID

Lefipán Formation

• Goin, Francisco & Rosendo Pascual, Marcelo F. Tejedor, Javier N. Gelfo, Michael O. Woodburne, Judd A. Case, Marcelo A. Reguero, Mariano Bond, Guillermo M. López, Alberto L. Cione, Daniel Udrizar Sautheir, Lucía Balarino, Roberto A. Scassos, Francisco A. Medina and María C. Ubaldón (2006), , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26 (2): 505–510, doi:{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Leticia Formation

• Clarke, J.A.; Olivero, E.B.; Puerta, P. (2003), (PDF), American Museum Novitates (3423): 1–18, doi:, hdl:

Loma de Las Tapias Formation

• Deschamps, Cecilia M.; Vieytes, Emma C.; Olivares, A. Itatí; Vucetich, María G. (2009), , Ameghiniana, 46: 295–305
• Mones, Álvaro (2014), (PDF), Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 17 (3): 435–436, Bibcode:, doi:
• Olivares, A. Itatí; Verzi, Diego H.; Contreras, Victor H.; Pessôa, Leila (2016), , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 37 (1) e1239204, doi:

Luján Formation

• Blasi, Adriana (2010), (PDF), Latin American Journal of Sedimentology and Basin Analysis, 17: 85–111
• Fucks, Enrique; Blasi, Adriana; Carbonari, Jorge; Huarte, Roberto; Pisano, Florencia; Aguirre, Marina (2011), (PDF), Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 68: 109–120

Lumbrera Formation

• Deraco, Virginia; García López, Daniel A. (2015), , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 36 (1) e1037884, doi:
• Herrera, Claudia M. R.; Powell, Jaime E.; Esteban, Graciela I.; Del Papa, Cecilia (2017), , Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 24 (3): 275–288, doi:
• Del Papa, Cecilia E (2006), (PDF), Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 61: 313–327

Maimará Formation

• Abello, María Alejandra; De los Reyes, Martín; Candela, Adriana Magdalena; Pujos, François; Voglino, Damián; Mamani Quispe, Bernardino (2015), , Zootaxa, 3937 (1): 147–160, doi:, hdl:, PMID
• Bonini, Ricardo A.; Schmidt, Gabriela I.; Reguero, Marcelo A.; Cerdeño, Esperanza; Candela, Adriana M.; Solís, Natalia (2017), , Journal of Paleontology, 91 (3): 566–576, Bibcode:, doi:
• Pujos, François; Candela, Adriana; Galli, Claudia I.; Coiras, Beatriz L.; Reguero, Marcelo A.; de los Reyes, Martín; Abello, María Alejandra (2012), (PDF), Ameghiniana, 49 (4): 668–674, Bibcode:, doi:

Maíz Gordo Formation

• Narváez, Paula Liliana (2009), (PDF), Universidad Nacional de Salta, pp. 1–229

Mariño Formation

• Cerdeño, Esperanza; Vera, Bárbara; Combina, Ana María (2018), , Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 88: 118–131, Bibcode:, doi:, hdl:
• Cerdeño, Esperanza; Guiomar Vucetich, M. (2007), (PDF), Andean Geology, 34: 199–207, doi:

Mealla Formation

• Sánchez, María Cristina; Marquillas, Rosa A. (2010), (PDF), Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 67: 383–391

Miramar & San Andrés Formations

• Gaudioso, P.J.; Gasparini, G.M.; Herbst, R.; Bárquez, R.M. (2017), (PDF), Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 57 (3): 23–29, doi:
• Isla, Federico; Taglioretti, Matías; Dondas, Alejandro (2015), (PDF), Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 72: 235–250
• Olivares, A.I.; Verzi, D.H. (2015), , Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology, 27 (8): 1042–1061, Bibcode:, doi:

Monte Hermoso Formation

• Agnolin, Federico L.; Bogan, Sergio; Tomassini, Rodrigo L.; Manera, Teresa (2014), (PDF), Revista del Museo de Ciencias Naturales, 16: 19–31, doi:
• Albino, Adriana M.; Rodrigo, Tomassini; Brizuela, Santiago (2009), , Ameghiniana, 46: 177–187
• Barbière, Franck; Ortiz, Pablo E.; Pardiñas, Ulyses F.J. (2019), , Journal of Paleontology, 93 (2): 368–384, Bibcode:, doi:
• Bogan, Sergio; Agnolin, Federico L. (2009), (PDF), Revista del Museo de Ciencias Naturales, 11: 193–198, doi:
• Nicoli, Laura (2015), , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 35 (5) e981636, Bibcode:, doi:, hdl:

Monte León Formation

• Náñez, Carolina; Quattrocchio, Mirta E.; Ruiz, Liliana (2009), , Ameghiniana, 46: 669–693

El Morterito Formation

• Morton, Lourdes S.; Herbst, Rafael (2007), , Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, 9: 153–160, doi:

Palo Pintado Formation

• Anzótegui, Luisa M.; Horn, Maricel Yarina (2011), (PDF), Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 14 (3): 239–254, Bibcode:, doi:
• Galli, Claudia Inés; Anzótegui, Luisa Matilde; Horn, Maricel Yanina; Morton, Lourdes Susana (2011), (PDF), Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, 28: 161–174
• Reguero, Marcelo A.; Candela, Adriana M.; Galli, Claudia I.; Bonini, Ricardo; Voglino, Damián (2015), (PDF), Andean Geology, 42: 56–70, doi:

Paraná Formation

• Brea, Mariana; Franco, María Jimena; Zucol, Alejandro F. (2013), (PDF), El Neógeno de la Mesopotamia argentina, Asociación Paleontológica Argentina, Publicación Especial, 14: 41–55
• Cione, Alberto Luis; Cabrera, Daniel Alfredo; Barla, María Julia (2012), (PDF), Geobios, 45 (2): 167–172, Bibcode:, doi:, hdl:[permanent dead link]
• Martín Pérez, Leandro (2013), (PDF), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, pp. 1–398

Peñas Coloradas Formation

• Clyde, William C.; Wilf, Peter; Iglesias, Ari; Slingerland, Rudy L.; Bijl, Peter K.; Bralower, Timothy J.; Brinkhuis, Henk; Comer, Emily; Huber, Mauricio Ibañez Mejia, Brian R. Jicha, J. Marcelo Krause, Jonathan D. Schueth, Bradley S. Singer, María Sol Raigemborn, Mark D. Schmitz, Appy Sluijs, and María del Carmen Zamaloa, Brian T. (2014), (PDF), GSA Bulletin, 126 (3–4): 289–306, Bibcode:, doi:{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) 2018-08-10 at the Wayback Machine
• Raigemborn, María Sol; Krause, Javier M.; Bellosi, Eduardo; Matheos, Sergio D. (2010), (PDF), Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 67: 239–256

Pinturas Formation

• Kramarz, Alejandro G.; Bond, Mariano (2005), , Ameghiniana, 42: 611–625
• Kramarz, Alejandro G (2001), (PDF), Universidad de Buenos Aires, pp. 1–300

Piquete Formation

• González Bonorino, Gustavo; Abascal, Liliana del Valle (2012), (PDF), Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 69: 127–141

Playa de Los Lobos Allo Formation

• Degrange, Federico J.; Tambussi, Claudia P.; Taglioretti, Matías L.; Dondas, Alejandro; Scaglia, Fernando (2015), , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 35 (2) e912656, Bibcode:, doi:

Puerta del Diablo Formation

• Cione, Alberto Luis; Casciotta, Jorge Rafael; Azpelicueta, María de las Mercedes; Barla, María Julia; Cozzuol, Mario Alberto (2005), (PDF), Insugeo, 14: 49–64

Puerto Madryn Formation

• Acosta Hospitaleche, C.; Tambussi, C.; Donato, M.; Cozzuol, M. (2007), (PDF), Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 52: 299–314
• Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina (2003), (PDF), Española de Paleontología, 18: 179–183

Quebrada de Los Colorados Formation

• Chornogubsky, Laura; Zimicz, A. Natalia; Goin, Francisco J.; Fernicola, Juan C.; Payrola, Patricio; Cárdenas, Magalí (2019), , Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 17 (7): 539–555, Bibcode:, doi:
• García López, Daniel A.; Deraco, Virginia; Del Papa, Cecilia (2017), , Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology, 30 (4): 507–517, Bibcode:, doi:, hdl:
• Del Papa, Cecilia (2013), (PDF), Latin American Journal of Sedimentology and Basin Analysis, 20: 51–64
• Payrola Bosio, Patricio Augusto; del Papa, Cecilia; Hongn, Fernando; Powell, Jaime (2010), (PDF), Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 67: 309–318

Río Chico Group

• Raigemborn, María Sol; Krause, Javier M.; Bellosi, Eduardo; Matheos, Sergio D. (2010), (PDF), Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 67: 239–256

Río Foyel Formation

• Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina; Griffin, Miguel; Asensio, Marcos; Cione, Alberto Luis; Tambussi, Claudia (2013), (PDF), Andean Geology, 40: 490–503
• Encinas, Alfonso; Folguera, Andrés; Bechis, Florencia; Finger, Kenneth L.; Zambrano, Patricio; Pérez, Felipe; Bernabé, Pablo; Tapia, Francisca; Riffo, Ricardo; Buatois, Luis; Orts, Darío; Nielsen, Sven N.; Valencia, Victor V.; Cuitiño, José; Oliveros, Verónica; De Girolamo Del Mauro, Lizet; Ramos, Victor A. (2018). "The Late Oligocene–Early Miocene Marine Transgression of Patagonia". The Evolution of the Chilean-Argentinean Andes. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 443–474. doi:. ISBN 978-3-319-67773-6.

Río Loro Formation

• Pol, Diego; Powell, Jaime E. (2011), "A new sebecid mesoeucrocodylian from the Rio Loro Formation (Palaeocene) of north-western Argentina", Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 163: S7–S36, doi:

Río Mayo Formation

• Escosteguy, Leonardo; Dal Molín, Carlos; Franchi, Mario; Guena, Silvena; Lapido, Omar; Genini, Adolfo (2003), , Instituto de Geología y Recursos Minerales, Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino, pp. 1–80

Río Negro Formation

• Pérez, Mariano (2012), (PDF), Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, pp. 1–47

Río Quinto Formation

• Cerdeño, Esperanza; Chiesa, Jorge; Ojeda, Guillermo (2008), , Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 25 (2): 217–226, Bibcode:, doi:

Saladillo Formation

• Brambilla, Luciano; Ibarra, Damián Alberto (2017), , Palaeontologia Electronica, 20 (1): Article number 20.1.13A

Salamanca Formation

• Apesteguia, Sebastián; Gómez, Raúl O.; Rougier, Guillermo W. (2014), , Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 281 (1792) 20140811, Bibcode:, doi:, PMC , PMID
• Bonaparte, J.F.; Morales, J. (1997), (PDF), Estudios Geológicos, 53 (5–6): 263–274, Bibcode:, doi:
• Clyde, William C.; Wilf, Peter; Iglesias, Ari; Slingerland, Rudy L.; Barnum, Timothy; Bijl, Peter K.; Bralower, Timothy J.; Brinkhuis, Henk; Comer, Brian T. Huber, Mauricio Ibañez Mejia, Brian R. Jicha, J. Marcelo Krause, Jonathan D. Schueth, Bradley S. Singer, María Sol Raigemborn, Mark D. Schmitz, Appy Sluijs, María del Carmen Zamaloa, Emily E. (2014), (PDF), GSA Bulletin, 126 (3–4): 289–306, Bibcode:, doi:{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) 2018-08-10 at the Wayback Machine
• Jud, Nathan A.; Gandolfo, Maria A.; Iglesias, Ari; Wilf, Peter (2017), "Flowering after disaster: Early Danian buckthorn (Rhamnaceae) flowers and leaves from Patagonia", PLOS ONE, 12 (5) e0176164, Bibcode:, doi:, PMC , PMID
• Ruiz, Daniela P.; Brea, Mariana; Raigemborn, M. Sol; Matheos, Sergio D. (2017), , Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 76: 427–445, Bibcode:, doi:, hdl:

Saldungaray Formation

• Verzi, Diego H.; Montalvo, Claudia I.; Deschamps, Cecilia M. (2008), , Geobios, 41 (1): 145–155, Bibcode:, doi:

Salicas Formation

• Brandoni, Diego; Schmidt, Gabriela I.; Candela, Adriana M.; Noriega, Jorge I.; Brunetto, Ernesto; Fiorelli, Lucas E. (2012), (PDF), Ameghiniana, 49 (3): 1–13, Bibcode:, doi:

Santa Cruz Formation

• Agnolin, Federico L (2009), (PDF), Fundación de Historia Natural Felix de Azara, pp. 1–79
• Arnal, M.; Vucetich, M.G. (2015), , Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology, 27 (1): 42–59, Bibcode:, doi:
• Bostelmann, J. Enrique; Le Roux, Jacobus P.; Vásquez, Ana; Gutiérrez, Néstor M.; Oyarzún, José Luis; Carreño, Catalina; Torres, Teresa; Otero, Rodrigo; Llanos, C. Mark Fanning, Francisco Hervé, Andrea (2013), (PDF), Andean Geology, 40: 458–489{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Brea, Mariana; Zucol, Alejandro F.; Bargo, M. Susana; Fernicola, Juan Carlos; Vizcaíno, Sergio F. (2017), , Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 183 (3): 334–347, doi:
• Buffetaut, Éric (2016), , Palæovertebrata, 40 (2) e3, doi:
• Cenizo, Marcos Martín; Agnolín, Federico Lisandro (2010), , Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology, 34 (4): 493–514, Bibcode:, doi:
• Chandler, Robert M (2012), (PDF), PalArch's Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology, 9 (2): 1–8 2017-03-18 at the Wayback Machine
• Ercoli, Marcos D.; Prevosti, Francisco J. (2011), , Ameghiniana, 48 (4): 462–479, Bibcode:, doi: 2013-12-12 at the Wayback Machine
• González, Laureano Raúl; Scillato Yané, Gustavo Juan (2008), , Ameghiniana, 45: 641–648
• Mayr, Gerald; Noriega, Jorge I. (2015), (PDF), Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 60 (3): 589–598, Bibcode:, doi:
• Muñoz, Nahuel A.; Toledo, Néstor; Candela, Adriana M.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F. (2019), , Lethaia, 52 (1): 91–106, Bibcode:, doi:
• Noriega, Jorge I.; Mayr, Gerald (2017), "The systematic affinities of the putative seriema Noriegavis santacrucensis (Noriega et al., 2009) from the Miocene of Argentina", Contribuciones del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, 7: 133–139
• Noriega, Jorge I.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Bargo, Susana (2009), , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 29 (2): 620–626, Bibcode:, doi:, hdl:
• Sinclair, W.; Farr, M. (1932), "Aves of the Santa Cruz beds", Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia (1896–1899), 7: 157–191
• Verzi, Diego H.; Olivares, A. Itatí; Morgan, Cecilia C. (2017), , Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology, 29 (3): 411–422, Bibcode:, doi:
• Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Kay, Richard F.; Bargo, Susana (2012), , Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–370, ISBN 978-0-521-19461-7

Sarmiento Formation & Colhué Huapí Member

• Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina; Tambussi, Claudia (2005), (PDF), Revista Española de Paleontología, 20: 127–132 2021-01-22 at the Wayback Machine
• Arnal, Michelle; Kramarz, Alejandro G.; Vucetich, M. Guiomar; Vieytes, E. Carolina (2014), , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 34 (2): 397–406, Bibcode:, doi:, hdl:
• Cheme Arriaga, Lucas; Dozo, María Teresa; Gelfo, Javier N. (2016), , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 36 (6) e1229672, Bibcode:, doi:
• Dozo, María Teresa; Ciancio, Martín; Bouza, Pablo; Martínez, Gastón (2014), (PDF), Andean Geology, 41: 224–247, Bibcode:, doi:
• Pérez, María Encarnación; Krause, Marcelo; Vucetich, María Guiomar (2012), "A new species of Chubutomys (Rodentia, Hystricognathi) from the late Oligocene of Patagonia and its implications on the early evolutionary history of Cavioidea sensu stricto", Geobios, 45 (6): 573–580, Bibcode:, doi:
• Shockey, Bruce J.; Flynn, John J.; Croft, Darin A.; Gans, Phillip; Wyss, André R. (2012), , American Museum Novitates (3737): 1–64, doi:
• Sterli, Juliana; De la Fuente, Marcelo S.; Krause, J. Marcelo (2015), , Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 174 (3): 519–548, doi:
• Vucetich, M.G.; Dozo, M.T.; Arnal, M.; Pérez, M.E. (2015), , Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology, 27 (2): 236–257, Bibcode:, doi:
• Vucetich, María G.; Pérez, María E.; Ciancio, Martín R.; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Madden, Richard H.; Kohn, Matthew J. (2014), , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 34 (3): 689–698, Bibcode:, doi:
• Wyss, André R.; Flynn, John J.; Croft, Darin A. (2018), , Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 3903: 1–42, hdl:

Toro Negro Formation

• Ciccioli, Patricia L (2017), (PDF), Anales de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 69: 68–82

Uquía Formation

• Daza, J.D.; Abdala, V.; Arias, J.S.; García López, D.; Ortiz, P. (2012), "Cladistic Analysis of Iguania and a Fossil Lizard from the Late Pliocene of Northwestern Argentina", Journal of Herpetology, 46 (1): 104–119, Bibcode:, doi:, hdl:
• Ortiz, Pablo E.; Jayat, J. Pablo; Steppan, Scott J. (2012), (PDF), Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 32 (6): 1429–1441, Bibcode:, doi:, hdl:
• Reguero, Marcelo A.; Candela, Adriana M. (2008), , Relatorio del XVII Congreso Geológico Argentino, pp. 286–296

Vaca Mahuida Formation

• Montalvo, C.; Bond, M. (1998), , Asociación Paleontológica Argentina, Publicación Especial, 5: 55–60

Ventana Formation

• Petrulevicius, J.F.; Popov, Y.A. (2014), , ZooKeys (422): 23–3, Bibcode:, doi:, PMC , PMID
• Wilf, P.; Johnson, K.R.; Cúneo, N.R.; Smith, M.E.; Singer, B.S.; Gandolfo, M.A. (2005), , The American Naturalist, 165 (6): 634–650, Bibcode:, doi:, PMID

Vorohué Formation

• Olivares, A.I.; Verzi, D.H. (2015), , Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology, 27 (8): 1042–1061, Bibcode:, doi:
• Orgeira, María Julia (1988), (PDF), Universidad de Buenos Aires, pp. 1–170
• Tonni, Eduardo P.; Noriega, Jorge I. (1996), (PDF), Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 69: 97–104

Yupoí Formation

• Erra, Georgina; Osterrieth, Margarita; Zurita, Alfredo E.; Lutz, Alicia I.; Laffont, Enrique; Coronel, Juan M.; Francia, Analia (2016), (PDF), Acta Biológica Colombiana, 21: 63–72

Bolivia

• Marshall, Larry G.; Sempere, Thierry (1991), , Revista técnica de YPFB, 12: 631–652
• Renner, Sven; Velasco, Carlos (2000), (PDF), Convenio alemán-boliviano de aguas subterraneas (CABAS) - German-Bolivian Agreement on Groundwater (CABAS), pp. 1–113
• Rocha, Emilio (2013), (PDF), Universidad de Buenos Aires, pp. 1–204

Casira Formation

• Cerdeño, Esperanza; Vera, Bárbara; Schmidt, Gabriela Inés; Pujos, François; Mamaní Quispe, Bernardino (2012), , Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 10 (2): 341–360, Bibcode:, doi:, hdl:

Cerdas beds

• Croft, Darin A.; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Ciancio, Martín R.; Brandoni, Diego; Drew, Nicholas E.; Engelman, Russell K.; Anaya, Federico (2016), , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 36 (5) e1163574, Bibcode:, doi:, hdl:

Honda Group

• Croft, Darin A (2007), , Palaeontology, 50 (1): 277–303, Bibcode:, doi:
• Engelman, Russell K.; Anaya, Federico; Croft, Darin A. (2018), , Journal of Mammalian Evolution, in press: _
• Engelman, Russell K.; Anaya, Federico; Croft, Darin A. (2016), , Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 15 (10): 787–820, doi:
• Pujos, François; De Iuliis, Gerardo; Mamani Quispe, Bernardino; Andrade Flores, Ruben (2014), , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 34 (5): 1243–1248, Bibcode:, doi:, hdl:

Lacayani fauna

• Billet, Guillaume; De Muizon, Christian; Mamani Quispe, Bernardino (2008), , Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 152: 153–200, doi:

Ñuapua Formation

• Pardiñas, Ulyses F.J.; Galliari, Carlos A. (1998), (PDF), Revista Española de Paleontología, 13: 17–25

Quehua Formation

• Baldellón P., Eddy; Fornari, Michel; Espinoza R., Félix; Soler, Pierre (1994), (PDF), Memorias del XI Congreso Geológico de Bolivia, pp. 238–247

Salla Formation

• Reguero, Marcelo A.; Cerdeño, Esperanza (2005), , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 25 (3): 674–684, doi:
• Rincón, Ascanio D.; Shockey, Bruce J.; Anaya, Federico; Solórzano, Andrés (2015), , Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 22 (4): 455–471, doi:
• Shockey, Bruce J (2017), , Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 58 (2): 371–396

Santa Lucía Formation

• Buffetaut, É.; Marshall, L.G. (1991), A new crocodilian,Sebecus querejazus, nov. sp. (Mesosuchia, Sebecidae) from the Santa Lucía Formation (Early Paleocene) at Vila Vila, Southern Bolivia, Revista Técnica de YPFB, pp. 545–557
• Gaffney, Eugene S.; Meylan, Peter A.; Wood, Roger C.; Simons, Elwyn; De Almeida Campos, Diogenes (2011), (PDF), AMNH Bulletin, 350: 1–237
• Gayet, Mireille; Marshall, Larry G.; Sempere, Thierry (1991), , Revista técnica de YPFB, 12: 393–433
• Jiménez, Grisel (2012), (PDF), ., pp. 1–23
• De Muizon, Christian; Ladevèze, Sandrine; Selva, Charlène; Vignaud, Robin; Goussard, Florent (2018), , Geodiversitas, 40 (16): 363–459, Bibcode:, doi:
• Rage, J.C. (1991), , Revista técnica de YPFB, 12: 499–501
• Rage, J.C. (1991), , Revista técnica de YPFB, 12: 503–508
• Renner, Sven; Velasco, Carlos (2000), (PDF), Boletín del Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería, 34: 1–113
• Sempere, Thierry; Butler, R.F.; Richards, D.R.; Marshall, L.G.; Sharp, W.; Swisher, C.C. (1997), (PDF), GSA Bulletin, 109 (6): 709–727, Bibcode:, doi:

Tarija Formation

• Machado, Leonardo F.; Leite, Yuri L.R.; Christoff, Alexandre U.; Giugliano, Lilian G. (2014), , Zoologica Scripta, 43 (2): 119–130, doi:

Umala Formation

• Pujos, François; De Iuliis, Gerardo; Mamani Quispe, Bernardino; Adnet, Sylvain; Flores, Ruben Andrade; Billet, Guillaume; Fernández Monescillo, Marcos; Marivaux, Laurent; Münch, Philippe, Mercedes B. Prámparo and Pierre-Olivier Antoine (2016), , Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 178 (3): 679–712, doi:{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Yecua & Petaca Formations

• Hernández, R.; Jordan, T.; Dalenz Farjat, A.; Echavarría, L.; Idelman, B.; Reynolds, J. (2002), (PDF), V Congreso Latinoamericano de Paleontología, pp. 1–27

Brazil

• Rêgo Henriques, Deise Dias; Gallo da Silva, Valéria; Barbosa de Carvalho, Luciana; Kugland de Azevedo, Sergio Alex, (PDF), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, pp. 1–20

Entre-Corrégos Formation

• Pereira, Karoline Gonçalves (2015), (PDF), Universidade Guarulhos, pp. 1–139

Fonseca Formation

• Mendes, Márcio; de Oliveira, Francisco Irineudo Bezerra; Limaverde, Saulo (2015), , Revista de Geologia, 28: 27–36

Graxaim Formation

• Buchmann, Francisco Sekiguchi de Carvalho; Caron, Felipe; Pereira Lopes, Renato; Ugri, André; Gonçalves de Lima, Leonardo (2009), , _, pp. 11–32

Guabirotuba Formation

• Sedor, Fernando A.; Oliveira, Édison V.; Silva, David D.; Fernandes, Luiz A.; Cunha, Renata F.; Ribeiro, Ana M.; Dias, Eliseu V. (2017), (PDF), Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 24: 39–55, doi:

Içá Formation

• Czaplewski, Nicholas J.; Campbell, Kenneth E. Jr. (2017), (PDF), Contributions in Science, 525: 55–60, doi:

Itaboraí Formation

• Carneiro, Leonardo M.; Oliveira, Édison V.; Goin, Francisco J. (2018), (PDF), Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 21 (2): 120–131, Bibcode:, doi:
• Carneiro, Leonardo M. (2018), (PDF), Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 91 (Suppl. 2) e20180440, doi:, PMID 2019-02-12 at the Wayback Machine
• Oliveira, Édison Vicente; Zimicz, Natalia; Goin, Francisco J. (2016), , The Science of Nature, 103 (1–2): 1–6, Bibcode:, doi:, PMID
• De Oliveira, Édison Vicente; Goin, Francisco J. (2015), , Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 18 (1): 97–108, Bibcode:, doi:, hdl:
• Oliveira, Édison V.; Goin, Francisco J. (2011), (PDF), Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 14 (2): 105–136, Bibcode:, doi:
• Salvador, R.B.; Simone, L.R.L. (2013), (PDF), Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 53 (2): 5–46

Maria Farinha Formation

• De Araújo Carvalho, Anny Rafaela; Ghilardi, Aline Marcele; Franca Barreto, Alcina Magnólia (2016), , Zootaxa, 4126: 491–513

Pirabas Formation

• De Araújo Távora, Vladimir; Rodrigues dos Santos, André Augusto; Neto Araújo, Raphael (2010), (PDF), Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, 5 (2): 207–224, doi:

Rio Madeira Formation

• Góis, Flávio; Scillato Yané, Gustavo Juan; Carlini, Alfredo Armando; Ubilla, Martín (2012), (PDF), Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 15 (2): 211–227, Bibcode:, doi:

Santa Vitória Formation

• Oliveira, Édison V.; Prevosti, Francisco Juan; Pereira, Jamil C. (2005), (PDF), Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 8: 215–220

Solimões Formation

• Bocquentin, Jean; Melo, Janira (2006), (PDF), Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 9 (2): 187–192, Bibcode:, doi:
• Carvalho, Patricia; Bocquentin, Jean; De Lapparent de Broin, France (2002), , Geobios, 35 (6): 677–686, Bibcode:, doi:
• Cozzuol, Mario Alberto (2006), , Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 21 (3): 185–203, Bibcode:, doi:
• Kerber, Leonardo; Bissaro Júnior, Marcos César; Negri, Francisco R.; De Souza Filho, Jonas Pereira; Guilherme, Edson; Schmaltz Hsiou, Annie (2017), (PDF), Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology, 30 (7): 985–993, Bibcode:, doi:
• Kerber, Leonardo; Negri, Francisco Ricardo; Ribeiro, Ana Maria; Vucetich, Maria Guiomar; De Souza Filho, Jonas Pereira (2016), (PDF), Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 61 (1): 191–203, Bibcode:, doi:

Touro Passo Formation

• Kerber, Leonardo; Gregis Pitana, Vanessa; Ribeiro, Ana Maria; Schmaltz Hsiou, Annie; Oliveira, Edison V. (2014), (PDF), Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, 31: 248–259

Tremembé Formation

• Do Couto Ribeiro, Graziella (2010), Avaliação morfológica, taxonômica e cronológica dos mamíferos fósseis da Formação Tremembé (Bacia de Taubaté), Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, Universidade de São Paulo, pp. 1–112
• Malabarba, Maria Claudia; Lundberg, John G. (2007), , Neotropical Ichthyology, 5 (3): 263–270, doi:
• Olson, Storrs L.; Alvarenga, Herculano M.F. (2002), (PDF), Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 115: 701–705

Chile

Abanico Formation

• Bertrand, Ornella C.; Flynn, John J.; Croft, Darin A.; Wyss, André R. (2012), , American Museum Novitates (3750): 1–36, doi:
• Bradham, Jennifer; Flynn, John J.; Croft, Darin A.; Wyss, Andre R. (2015), , American Museum Novitates (3841): 1–24, doi:
• Croft, Darin A.; Flynn, John J.; Wyss, André R. (2008), (PDF), Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, 66: 191–211 2018-09-06 at the Wayback Machine
• Engelman, Russell K.; Flynn, John J.; Gans, Philip; Wyss, André R.; Croft, Darin A. (2018), , American Museum Novitates (3918): 1–22, doi:
• Godoy, Estanislao (2012), , Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 69: 570–577
• Muñoz, Marcia; Fuentes, Francisco; Vergara, Mario; Aguirre, Luis; Nyström, Jan Olov; Féraud, Gilbert; Demant, Alain (2006), , Revista Geológica de Chile, 33: 109–140, doi:, hdl:

Bahía Inglesa Formation

• Achurra, L.E.; Lacassie, J.P.; Le Roux, J.P.; Marquadt, C.; Belmar, M.; Ruiz Del Solar, J.; Ishman, S.E. (2009), (PDF), Sedimentary Geology, 217 (1): 128–139, Bibcode:, doi: 2017-10-26 at the Wayback Machine
• Achurra, L.; Marquadt, C.; Lacassie, J.P.; Le Roux, J.P. (2003), (PDF), X Congreso Geológico Chileno, pp. 1–10, archived from (PDF) on 2017-10-26
• Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina; Canto, Jhoann (2005), (PDF), Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 78: 489–495
• Benson, Richard D (2015), (PDF), Scientific Publications of the Science Museum of Minnesota, New Series, 8 (4): 5–22 2021-06-24 at the Wayback Machine
• Chávez Hoffmeister, Martín Felipe (2008), (PDF), Universidad Austral de Chile, pp. 1–165
• Chávez, Martín F (2007), (PDF), Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 80 (2): 255–259, doi:
• Chávez, Martín (2007), , Boletín Sociedad Geológica del Perú, 102: 101–107
• Le Roux, Jacobus P.; Achurra, Luciano; Henríquez, Álvaro; Carreño, Catalina; Rivera, Huber; Suárez, Mario E.; Ishman, Scott E.; Pyenson, Nicholas D.; Gutstein, Carolina S. (2016), (PDF), Sedimentary Geology, 333: 32–49, Bibcode:, doi:
• Le Roux, Jacobus P.; Achurra, Luciano; Henríquez, Álvaro; Carreño, Catalina; Rivera, Huber (2015), (PDF), XIV Congreso Geológico Chileno, pp. 821–824, archived from (PDF) on 2017-10-26
• Oyanadel Urbina, Pablo; Carrillo Briceño, Jorge; Villafaña, Jaime; Castelleto, Victor; Varas, Cristian; Alballay, Alex; Rivadeneira, Marcelo (2015), (PDF), XIV Congreso Geológico Chileno, pp. 1–4, archived from (PDF) on 2017-10-26
• Staig, Felipe; Hernández, Sebastián; López, Patricio; Villafaña, Jaime A.; Varas, Cristian; Soto, Luis Patricio; Carrillo Briceño, Jorge D. (2015), , Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 18 (2): 261–272, Bibcode:, doi:
• Suárez, Mario E (2011), (PDF), Comuna de Caldera Región de Atacama, pp. 1–29
• Valenzuela Toro, Ana; Gutstein, Carolina S., (PDF), vol. ., pp. 770–772, archived from (PDF) on 2017-10-26

Caleta Herradura Formation

• Di Celma, Claudio; Cantalamessa, Gino (2007), "Sedimentology and high-frequency sequence stratigraphy of a forearc extensional basin: The Miocene Caleta Herradura Formation, Mejillones Peninsula, northern Chile", Sedimentary Geology, 198 (1–2): 29–52, Bibcode:, doi:

Chíu-Chíu Formation

• López Mendoza, Patricio; Rojas, Osvaldo; Mansilla, Pablo; Olivares, Luis; Martínez, Ismael (2010), , Treballs del Museo Geológico de Barcelona, 17: 11–25

Chucal Formation

• Croft, Darin A.; Flynn, John J.; Wyss, André R. (2007), , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 21 (4): 781–797, doi:

Coquimbo Formation

• Le Roux, J.P.; Olivares, Danisa M.; Nielsen, Sven N.; Smith, Norman D.; Middleton, Heather; Fenner, Juliane; Ishman, Scott E. (2006), (PDF), Sedimentary Geology, 184 (1–2): 133–153, Bibcode:, doi:

Cura-Mallín Group

• Flynn, John J.; Charrier, Reynaldo; Croft, Darin A.; Gans, Phillip B.; Herriott, Trystan M.; Wertheim, Jill A.; Wyss, André R. (2008), (PDF), Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 26 (4): 412–423, Bibcode:, doi:
• Shockey, Bruce J.; Flynn, John J.; Croft, Darin A.; Gans, Phillip; Wyss, André R. (2012), , American Museum Novitates (3737): 1–64, doi:
• Utgé, Silvana; Folguera, Andrés; Litvak, Vanesa; Ramos, Víctor A. (2009), , Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 64 (2): 231–248

Horcón Formation

• Carrillo Briceño, Jorge D.; González Barba, Gerardo; Landaeta, Mauricio F.; Nielsen, Sven N. (2013), (PDF), Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 86 (2): 191–206, Bibcode:, doi:

Huaylas Formation

• García, Marcelo; Herail, Gérard; Charrier, Reynaldo (1999), (PDF), Fourth ISAG conference, Goettingen, Germany, pp. 249–252
• Montoya Sanhueza, Germán; Moreno, Karen; Bobe, René; Carrano, Matthew T.; García, Marcelo; Corgne, Alexandre (2017), , Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 75: 51–65, Bibcode:, doi:

Loreto Formation

• Bostelmann, Enrique; Le Roux, Jacobus P.; Vasquez, Ana; Gutiérrez, Nestor; Oyarzún, José Luis; Carreño, Catalina; Torres, Teresa; Otero, Rodrigo; Llanos, C. Mark Fanning, Sven N. Nielsen and Francisco Hervé, Andrea (2012), (PDF), XIII Congeso Geológico Chileno, pp. 698–700, archived from (PDF) on 2018-11-03{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Otero, Rodrigo A.; Torres, Teresa; Le Roux, Jacobus P.; Hervé, Francisco; Fanning, C. Mark; Yuri Yáñez, Roberto E.; Rubilar Rogers, David (2012), (PDF), Andean Geology, 39: 180–200, Bibcode:, doi:
• Sallaberry, M.A.; Yury Yáñez, R.E.; Otero, R.A.; Soto Acuña, S.; Torres, T.G. (2010), (PDF), Journal of Paleontology, 84 (6): 1061–1070, Bibcode:, doi:
• Torres, T.; Meón, H.; Otero, R.; Galleguillos, H. (2009), (PDF), XII Congreso Geológico Chileno, pp. 1–4

Navidad Formation

• Finger, Kenneth L.; Nielsen, Sven N.; DeVries, Thomas J.; Encinas, Alfonso; Peterson, Dawn E. (2007), (PDF), PALAIOS, 22 (1): 3–16, Bibcode:, doi:

La Portada Formation

• Chávez, Martín F. (2008), , I Simposio - Paleontología Chile - 2008, pp. 116–120

Río Baguales Formation

• Le Roux, Jacobus P.; Puratich, Jacqueline; Mourgues, F. Amaro; Oyarzún, José Luis; Otero, Rodrigo A.; Torres, Teresa; Hervé, Francisco (2010), (PDF), Andean Geology, 37: 329–344

Río Frías Formation

• Abello, María Alejandra; Rubilar Rogers, David (2012), , Ameghiniana, 49 (2): 164–184, Bibcode:, doi:
• Bellosi, Eduardo S. (2014), , XIV Reuñión Argentina de Sedimentología, pp. 40–41
• Bostelmann, J.E. (2012), , III Simposio Paleontología en Chile, pp. 44–45
• Marshall, Larry G. (1990), , Revista Geológica de Chile, 17: 19–55
• Marshall, Larry G.; Salinas, Patricia (1990), , Revista Geológica de Chile, 17: 57–87, archived from on May 21, 2018

Colombia

Altiplano Cundiboyacense

• Acosta Garay, Jorge E.; Ulloa Melo, Carlos E. (2002), , INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–108
• Amaya, Erika; Mariño, Jorge; Jaramillo, Carlos (2010), , Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, 32 (1): _
• Bayona, Germán; Montenegro, Omar; Cardona, Agustín; Jaramillo, Carlos; Lamus, Felipe; Morón, Sara; Quiroz, Luiz; Ruíz, María C.; Valencia & Mauricio Parra, Victor (2010), (PDF), Geología Colombiana, 35: 5–35
• Bloch, Jonathan Ivan; Cadena, Edwin; Hastings, Alexander; Rincón, Aldo F.; Jaramillo, Carlos (2008), , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 68th Annual Meeting: _
• Cadena, Edwin A (2014), (PDF), Acta Biológica Colombiana, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 19 (3): 333–339, Bibcode:, doi:
• Guerrero Uscátegui, Alberto Lobo (1992), Geología e Hidrogeología de Santafé de Bogotá y su Sabana, Sociedad Colombiana de Ingenieros, pp. 1–20
• Head, Jason J.; Bloch, Jonathan Ivan; Rincón, Aldo F.; Moreno Bernal, Jorge W. (2012), , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 72nd Annual Meeting of the Society of vertebrate Paleontology, At Raleigh, North Carolina: _
• Head, Jason J.; Bloch, Jonathan Ivan; Rincón, Aldo F.; Bourque, Jason R.; Jaramillo, Carlos (2011), , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 71st Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, NV: _
• Herrera, Fabiany; Manchester, Steven R.; Carvalho, Mónica R.; Jaramillo, Carlos; Wings, Scott L. (2014), (PDF), Acta Paleobotanica, 54 (2): 197–229, doi:
• Montoya Arenas, Diana María; Reyes Torres, Germán Alfonso (2005), Geología de la Sabana de Bogotá, INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–104
• Villarroel, Carlos; Concha, Ana Elena; Macía, Carlos (2001), "El Lago Pleistoceno de Soatá (Boyacá, Colombia): Consideraciones estratigráficas, paleontológicas y paleoecológicas", Geología Colombiana, 26, Universidad Nacional de Colombia: 79–93
• Villarroel A., Carlos (1987), (PDF), Comunicaciones Paleontológicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo, 19: 241–254

Cesar-Ranchería Basin

• Ayala Calvo, Rosa Carolina (2009), (PDF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, pp. 1–255 2021-12-06 at the Wayback Machine
• Cadena, Edwin A.; Schweitzer, Mary H. (2014), , Journal of Herpetology, 48 (4): 461–465, doi:
• Cadena, Edwin A.; Ksepka, Daniel T.; Jaramillo, Carlos A.; Bloch, Jonathan I. (2012a), (PDF), Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 10 (2): 313–331, Bibcode:, doi:
• Cadena, Edwin A.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Jaramillo, Carlos A. (2012b), , Journal of Paleontology, 86 (4): 688–698, Bibcode:, doi:
• Cadena, Edwin A.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Jaramillo, Carlos A. (2010), , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30 (2): 367–382, Bibcode:, doi:
• Hastings, Alexander K.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Jaramillo, Carlos A. (2014), (PDF), Historical Biology, 27 (8): 998–1020, Bibcode:, doi:
• Hastings, Alexander K.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Jaramillo, Carlos A. (2011), (PDF), Palaeontology, 54: 1095–1116, doi:
• Head, J.J.; Bloch, J.I.; Hastings, A.K.; Bourque, J.R.; Cadena, E.A.; Herrera, F.A.; Polly, P.D.; Jaramillo, C.A. (2009), , Nature, 457 (7230): 715–718, Bibcode:, doi:, PMID
• Herrera, Fabiany A.; Jaramillo, Carlos A.; Dilcher, David L.; Wing, Scott L.; Gómez N, Carolina (2008), , American Journal of Botany, 95 (12): 1569–1583, Bibcode:, doi:, PMID[permanent dead link]
• Hernández, Marina (2003), Geología de la Plancha 48 La Jagua de Ibírico - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–102
• Jaramillo, Carlos A.; Bayona, Germán; Pardo Trujillo, Andres; Rueda, Milton; Torres, Vladimir; Harrington, Guy J.; Mora, Germán (2007), (PDF), Palynology, 31 (1): 153–189, Bibcode:, doi:
• Ojeda Marulanda, Carolina; Sánchez Quiñónez, Carlos Alberto (2013), (PDF), Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, 35: 67–80
• Wing, Scott L.; Herrera, Fabiany; Jaramillo, Carlos A.; Gómez Navarro, Carolina; Wilf, Peter; Labandeira, Conrad C. (2009), "Late Paleocene fossils from the Cerrejón Formation, Columbia ((sic)), are the earliest record of Neotropical rainforest", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106 (44): 18627–18632, Bibcode:, doi:, PMC , PMID

Cocinetas Basin

• Amson, Eli; Carrillo, Juan D.; Jaramillo, Carlos (2016), (PDF), Palaeontology, 59 (4): 563–582, Bibcode:, doi:
• Cadena, Edwin; Jaramillo, Carlos (2015), (PDF), Ameghiniana, 52 (2): 188–203, Bibcode:, doi:
• Carrillo, Juan D.; Amson, Eli; Jaramillo, Carlos; Sánchez, Rodolfo; Quiroz, Luis; Cuartas, Carlos; Rincón, Aldo F.; Sánchez Villagra, Marcelo R. (2018), , Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 101: 1–67
• Carrillo Briceño, Jorge D.; Argyriou, Thodoris; Zapata, Vladimir; Kindlimann, René; Jaramillo, Carlos (2016), (PDF), Ameghiniana, 53 (2): 77–99, Bibcode:, doi:
• Hendy, Austin J.W.; Jones, Douglas S.; Moreno, Federico; Zapata, Vladimir; Jaramillo, Carlos (2015), (PDF), Swiss Journal of Palaeontology, 134 (1): 45–75, Bibcode:, doi:
• Moreno, F.; Hendy, A.J.W.; Quiroz, L.; Hoyos, N.; Jones, D.S.; Zapata, V.; Zapata, S.; Ballen, G.A.; Cadena, A.L. Cárdenas, J.D. Carrillo Briceño, J.D. Carrillo, D. Delgado Sierra, J. Escobar, J.I. Martínez, C. Martínez, C. Montes, J. Moreno, N. Pérez, R. Sánchez, C. Suárez, M.C. Vallejo Pareja, C. Jaramillo, Edwin (2015), (PDF), Swiss Journal of Palaeontology, 134 (1): 5–43, Bibcode:, doi:{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Moreno Bernal, Jorge W (2014), , University of Nebraska–Lincoln, pp. 1–66
• Pérez, María E.; Vallejo Pareja, María C.; Carrillo, Juan D.; Jaramillo, Carlos (2017), , Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 24: 111–125, doi:
• Suárez, Catalina; Forasiepi, AnalÍa M.; Goin, Francisco J.; Jaramillo, Carlos (2015), (PDF), Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 36 (1) e1029581, doi:, hdl:

Barzalosa Formation

• Acosta, Jorge E.; Guatame, Rafael; Caicedo A., Juan Carlos; Cárdenas, Jorge Ignacio (2002), Mapa Geológico de Colombia - Plancha 245 - Girardot - 1:100,000 - Memoria Explicativa, INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–92

Gualanday Group

• Billet, Guillaume; Orliac, Maëva; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; Jaramillo, Carlos (2010), (PDF), Palaeontology, 59 (2): 319–325, Bibcode:, doi:

Honda Group

• Cadena, Edwin; Jaramillo, Carlos; Páramo, María E. (2008), (PDF), Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 28 (4): 1206–1212, Bibcode:, doi:
• Croft, Darin A (2007), , Palaeontology, 50 (1): 277–303, Bibcode:, doi:
• Czaplewski, Nicolas J.; Takai, Masanaru; Naeher, Tiffany M.; Shigehara, Nobuo; Setoguchi, Takeshi (2003), (PDF), Revista Académica Colombiana de Ciencias Naturales, XXVII: 263–282 2014-02-01 at the Wayback Machine
• Defler, Thomas (2004), (PDF), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, pp. 1–613 2014-09-10 at the Wayback Machine
• Estes, Richard; Wassersug, Richard (1963), (PDF), Breviora, 193: 1–13, archived from (PDF) on 2015-03-19
• De la Fuente, Marcelo; Sterli, Juliana; Maniel, Ignacio (2013), , Springer Science & Business Media, pp. 1–168, Bibcode:, ISBN 978-3-319-00518-8
• Hoffstetter, Robert (1971), (PDF), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, pp. 37–62 2017-04-06 at the Wayback Machine
• Hsiou, Annie S.; Albino, Adriana M.; Ferigolo, Jorge (2010), "Reappraisal of the south American Miocene snakes of the genus Colombophis, with description of a new species", Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 55 (3): 365–379, Bibcode:, doi:
• Kay, Richard F.; Madden, Richard H. (1997), , Journal of Human Evolution, 32 (2–3): 161–199, Bibcode:, doi:, PMID
• Lundberg, John G.; Chernoff, Barry (1992). (PDF). Biotropica (FTP). pp. 2–16. Bibcode:. doi:. JSTOR .[dead ftp link] (To view documents see Help:FTP)
• Marshall, Larry G (1976), "New Didelphine Marsupials from the La Venta Fauna (Miocene) of Colombia, South America", Journal of Paleontology, 50 (3): 402–418, JSTOR
• Meldrum, D.J.; Kay, R.F. (1997), (PDF), American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 102 (3): 407–427, doi:, PMID
• Miller, Alden H (1953), (PDF), Auk, 70 (4): 484–495, doi:, JSTOR
• Organ, Jason M.; Lemelin, Pierre (2011), "Tail Architecture and Function of Cebupithecia sarmientoi, a Middle Miocene Platyrrhine from La Venta, Colombia", The Anatomical Record, 294 (12): 2013–2023, doi:, PMID
• Pardo Jaramillo, Mauricio (2010), (PDF), Revista Académica Colombiana de Ciencias Naturales, 34: 253–256 2014-02-02 at the Wayback Machine
• Rasmussen, Tab (1997), Vertebrate paleontology in the neotropics - the Miocene fauna of La Venta, Colombia, Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. _
• Rosenberger, A.L.; Setoguchi, T.; Hartwig, W.C. (1991), "Laventiana annectens, new genus and species: fossil evidence for the origins of callitrichine New World monkeys", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 88 (6): 2137–2140, Bibcode:, doi:, PMC , PMID
• Setoguchi, Takeshi; Rosenberger, Alfred L. (1988), (PDF), Kyoto University Overseas Research Reports of New World Monkeys, 6: 1–6
• Setoguchi, T (1985), "Kondous laventicus, a new ceboid primate from the Miocene of the La Venta, Colombia, South America", Folia Primatol, 44 (2): 96–101, doi:, PMID
• Suárez, Catalina; Forasiepi, Analía M.; Goin, Franciso J.; Jaramillo, Carlos (2015), (PDF), Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, e1029581: 1–10
• Takai, Masanaru; Anaya, Federico; Suzuki, Hisashi; Shigehara, Nobuo; Setoguchi, Takeshi (2001), "A New Platyrrhine from the Middle Miocene of La Venta, Colombia, and the Phyletic Position of Callicebinae", Anthropological Science, Tokyo, 109 (4): 289, doi:
• Takai, Masanaru; Setoguchi, Takeshi; Villarroel A., Carlos; Cadena G., Alberto; Shigehara, Nobuo (1991), (PDF), Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University. Series of Geology and Mineralogy, 56: 1–9
• Tejedor, Marcelo F (2013), (PDF), Revista del Museo de La Plata, 20: 20–39
• Vallejo Pareja, M.C.; Carrillo, J.D.; Moreno Bernal, J.W.; Pardo Jaramillo, M.; Rodríguez González, D.F.; Muñoz Duran, J. (2015), (PDF), Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich, 35 (2) e903960, Bibcode:, doi:
• Villarroel A., Carlos S (2000), (PDF), Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 24: 117–127 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine
• Villarroel A., Carlos S (1997), , Geología Colombiana, 22: 139–149
• Villarroel A., Carlos; Setoguchi, Takeshi; Brieva, Jorge; Macia, Carlos (1996), (PDF), Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University. Series of Geology and Mineralogy, 58: 41–66
• Wheeler, Brandon (2010), "Community ecology of the Middle Miocene primates of La Venta, Colombia: the relationship between ecological diversity, divergence time, and phylogenetic richness", Primates, 51 (2): 131–138, doi:, PMID

Los Hoyos beds

• Villaroel A., Carlos; Brieva B., Jorge; Cadena, Alberto (1989), (PDF), Caldasia, 16: 119–125

Mugrosa Formation

• Gómez, Luis Alfonso; Patiño, Alejandro; Renzoni, Giancarlo; Beltrán, Alejandro; Quintero, Claudia; Manrique, Martín (2008), Geología de la Plancha 119 Barrancabermeja - 1:100,000, INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–105

Rotinet Formation

• Páramo Fonseca, María Euridice; Escobar Quemba, Ingrid Carolina (2010), (PDF), Geología Colombiana, 35: 50–57 2017-08-06 at the Wayback Machine

Sincelejo Formation

• Villarroel A., Carlos; Clavijo, Javier (2023), (PDF), Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 29 (112): 345–356, doi:

Ecuador

Biblián Formation

• Veintimilla González, Liliana Alexandra (2015), (PDF), Universidad de Cuenca, pp. 1–111

Dos Bocas Formation

• Lorenzo, Erica; Roca Beltrán, Wladimir Andrés; Martínez, Manuel; Morato, Antonio; Escandón Panchana, Paulo César; Álvarez Domínguez, Cristian Paul (2018), (PDF), Boletín de Geología, 40: 31–42, doi:
• Tanaka, Yoshihiro; Abella, Juan; Aguirre Fernández, Gabriel; Gregori, María; Fordyce, R. Ewan (2017), "A new tropical Oligocene dolphin from Montañita/Olón, Santa Elena, Ecuador", PLoS ONE, 12 (12) e0188380, Bibcode:, doi:, PMC , PMID

Letrero Formation

• Romero Carrasco, Ana Iveth (2017), (PDF), Universidad Central del Ecuador, pp. 1–39

Onzole Formation

• Ramírez Parrales, María Fernanda (2013), (PDF), Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral, pp. 1–202

Seca Formation

• Lorenzo, Erica (2018), (PDF), Boletín de Geología, 40: 31–42, doi:

Paraguay

Chaco Formation

• Filí, M.F (2001), (PDF), Boletín Geológico y Minero, 112: 25–36
• Various, Authors (1986), (PDF), _, pp. 1–62

Peru

Peruvian Amazon

• Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; Abello, M. Alejandra; Adnet, Sylvain; Altamirano Sierra, Ali J.; Baby, Patrice; Billet, Guillaume; Boivin, Myriam; Calderón, Ysabel; Candela, Jules Chabain, Fernando Corfu, Darin A. Croft, Morgan Ganerød, Carlos Jaramillo, Sebastian Klaus, Laurent Marivaux, Rosa E. Navarrete, Maëva J. Orliac, Francisco Parra, María Encarnación Pérez, François Pujos, Jean-Claude Rage, Anthony Ravel, Céline Robinet, Martin Roddaz, Julia Victoria Tejada Lara, Jorge Vélez Juarbe, Frank P. Wesselingh, Rodolfo Salas Gismondi, Adriana (2016), , Gondwana Research, 31: 30–59, Bibcode:, doi:{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Castro Medina, Walter Fidel (2010), (PDF), Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), pp. 1–76

Sechura Basin

• Córdova Aguilar, Arturo (2009), (PDF), Ministry of Environment, Peru, pp. 1–83

Chambira Formation

• Boivin, Myriam; Marivaux, Laurent; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2019), , Geodiversitas, 41 (4): 143–245, doi:
• Boivin, Myriam; Marivaux, Laurent; Candela, Adriana M.; Orliac, Maëva J.; Pujos, François; Salas Gismondi, Rodolfo; Tejada Lara, Julia V.; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2016), , Papers in Palaeontology, 3 (1): 69–109, doi:
• Marivaux, Laurent; Adnet, Sylvain; Altamirano Sierra, Ali J.; Boivin, Myriam; Pujos, François; Ramdarshan, Anusha; Salas Gismondi, Rodolfo; Tejada, Julia; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2016), , Journal of Human Evolution, 97: 159–175, Bibcode:, doi:, PMID

Chilcatay Formation

• Bianucci, Giovanni; Bosio, Giulia; Malinverno, Elisa; De Muizon, Christian; Villa, Igor M.; Urbina, Mario; Lambert, Olivier (2018), "A new large squalodelphinid (Cetacea, Odontoceti) from Peru sheds light on the Early Miocene platanistoid disparity and ecology", Royal Society Open Science, 5 (4) 172302, Bibcode:, doi:, PMC , PMID
• De la Cruz, Aldo Alván (2008), (PDF), Revista del Instituto de Investigaciones FIGMMG, 11: 51–59
• Lambert, Olivier; De Muizon, Christian; Malinverno, Elisa; Di Celma, Claudio; Urbina, Mario; Bianucci, Giovanni (2017), , Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 16 (12): 981–1016, doi:, hdl:
• Lambert, Olivier; Bianucci, Giovanni; Urbina, Mario (2014), , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 34 (5): 987–1004, Bibcode:, doi:

Chota Formation

• Chacaltana, César; Benites Cañote, Alexandra Lucytania; Valdivia, Waldir; Chumpitaz, Marco (2014), , Congreso Peruano de Geología, pp. 1–4

Iñapari Formation

• Frailey, Carl D (1986), (PDF), Contributions in Science, 374: 1–46, doi:
• De Iullis, Gerardo; Gaudin, Timothy J.; Vicars, Matthew J. (2011), "A new genus and species of nothrotheriid sloth (Xenarthra, Tardigrada, Nothrotheriidae) from the Late Miocene (Huayquerian) of Peru", Palaeontology, 54 (1): 171–205, Bibcode:, doi:

Madre de Dios Formation

• Frailey, Carl David; Campbell Jr., Kenneth E. (2012), , Journal of Paleontology, 86 (5): 852–877, Bibcode:, doi:
• Prothero, Donald R.; Campbell, Jr, Kenneth E.; Beatty, Brian L.; Frailey, Carl D. (2014), , Journal of Paleontology, 88 (3): 434–443, doi:
• Romero P., Lidia; Morales R., María del Carmen; Carpio R, Mario (1998), (PDF), INGEMMET, pp. 1–201

Mogollón Formation

• Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; Billet, Guillaume; Salas Gismondi, Rodolfo; Tejada Lara, Julia; Baby, Patrice; Brusset, Stéphane; Espurt, Nicolas (2015), , Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 22 (2): 129–140, doi:
• Quispe Alcalá, David Ricardo (2010), (PDF), Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, pp. 1–87 2021-12-06 at the Wayback Machine

Moquegua Formation

• Alván, Aldo; Ramírez, Katerin; von Eynatten, Hilmar; Dunkl, István; Jacay, Javier; Bertone, Gabriela (2017), , Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica del Perú, 112: 53–77
• Shockey, Bruce J.; Billet, Guillaume; Salas Gismondi, Rodolfo (2016), "A new species of Trachytherus (Notoungulata: Mesotheriidae) from the late Oligocene (Deseadan) of Southern Peru and the middle latitude diversification of early diverging mesotheriids", Zootaxa, 4111 (5): 565–583, doi:, PMID

Muñani Formation

• Gelfo, Javier N.; Sigé, Bernard (2011), (PDF), Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 56 (4): 665–678, Bibcode:, doi:

Paracas Formation

• Clarke, Julia A.; Ksepka, Daniel T.; Stucchi, Marcelo; Urbina, Mario; Giannini, Norberto; Bertelli, Sara; Narváez, Yanina; Boyd, Clint A. (2007), , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104 (28): 11545–11550, doi:, PMC , PMID

Pisco Formation

• Altamirano Sierra, Alí J (2013), (PDF), Bulletin de l'Institut français d'études andines, 42: 1–12
• Báez Gómez, Diego A (2006), (PDF), Revista del Instituto de Investigaciones FIGMMG, 9: 64–69
• Bianucci, Giovanni; Di Celma, Claudio; Urbina, Mario; Lambert, Olivier (2016), (PDF), PeerJ, 4 e2479, Bibcode:, doi:, PMC , PMID 2020-02-21 at the Wayback Machine
• Brand, Leonard; Urbina, Mario; Chadwick, Arthur; DeVries, Thomas J.; Esperante, Raul (2011), "A high resolution stratigraphic framework for the remarkable fossil cetacean assemblage of the Miocene/Pliocene Pisco Formation, Peru", Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 31 (4): 414–425, Bibcode:, doi:
• Collareta, Alberto; Lambert, Olivier; De Muizon, Christian; Urbina, Mario; Bianucci, Giovanni (2017), , Fossil Record, 20 (2): 259–278, Bibcode:, doi:, hdl:
• Lambert, Olivier; Bianucci, Giovanni; Urbina, Mario; Geisler, Jonathan H. (2017), "A new inioid (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Delphinida) from the Miocene of Peru and the origin of modern dolphin and porpoise families", Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 179 (4): 919–946
• Marx, Felix G.; Lambert, Olivier; De Muizon, Christian (2017), , Royal Society Open Science, 4 (9) 170560, Bibcode:, doi:, PMC , PMID
• Marx, Felix G.; Kohno, Naoki (2016), , Royal Society Open Science, 3 (10) 160542, Bibcode:, doi:, PMC , PMID
• Poma Porras, Orlando; Horna Santillán, Edgard; Esperante, Raúl (2009), (PDF), Revista de Investigación Universitaria, 1: 84–97 2017-09-05 at the Wayback Machine
• Ramassamy, Benjamin; Lambert, Olivier; Collareta, Alberto; Urbina, Mario; Bianucci, Giovanni (2018), (PDF), Fossil Record, 21 (1): 11–32, Bibcode:, doi:
• Solís Mundaca, Flavio Alejandro (2018), (PDF), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, pp. 1–158 2018-09-11 at the Wayback Machine
• Stucchi, Marcelo; Emslie, Steven D.; Varas Malca, Rafael M.; Urbina Schmitt, Mario (2015a), , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 35 (5) e972507, Bibcode:, doi:
• Stucchi, Marcelo; Varas Malca, Rafael M.; Urbina Schmitt, Mario (2015b), (PDF), Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 61 (2): 417–427
• Stucchi, M (2007), (PDF), 4th European Meeting on the Palaeontology and Stratigraphy of Latin America, Cuadernos del Museo Geominero, 8: 367–373

Pozo Formation

• Antoine, P.O.; Marivaux, L.; Croft, D.A.; Billet, G.; Ganerod, M.; Jaramillo, C.; Martin, T.; Orliac, M.; Tejada, A. J. Altamirano, F. Duranthon, G. Fanjat, S. Rousse and R. Salas Gismondi, J. (2011), , Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 279 (1732): 1319–1326, doi:, PMC , PMID{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Boivin, Myriam; Marivaux, Laurent; Orliac, Maëva J.; Pujos, François; Salas Gismondi, Rodolfo; Tejada Lara, Julia V.; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2017), , Palaeontologia Electronica, 20 (1): Article number 20.1.19A

Soncco Formation

• Carlotto, Víctor (2016), , XIII Congreso Peruano de Geología, pp. 521–524

Yahuarango Formation

• Bond, Mariano; Tejedor, Marcelo F.; Campbell Jr., Kenneth E.; Chornogubsky, Laura; Novo, Nelson; Goin, Francisco (2015), , Nature, 520 (7548): 538–546, Bibcode:, doi:, PMID
• Campbell, K.E.; Frailey, C.D.; Romero Pittman, L. (2004), (PDF), Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series, 40: 1–164
• Ciancio, Martín Ricardo; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Campbell, Kenneth E.; Scillato Yané, Gustavo J. (2013), , Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 11 (6): 727–741, Bibcode:, doi:, hdl:

Yumaque Formation

• Lambert, O.; Martínez Cáceres, M.; Bianucci, G.; Di Celma, C.; Salas Gismondi, R.; Steurbaut, E.; Urbina, Mario; de Muizon, C. (2017), , Current Biology, 27 (10): 1–7, Bibcode:, doi:, hdl:, PMID

Uruguay

Pleistocene

• Martínez, Sergio A.; Ubilla, M. (2009), , Universidad de la República de Uruguay, pp. 195–228

Camacho Formation

• Fernicola, Juan C.; Rinderknecht, Andrés; Jones, Washington; Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Propino, Kleberson (2018), , Ameghiniana, 55 (3): 233–252, doi:, hdl:
• Rinderknecht, Andrés (2011), (PDF), Universidad de la República, pp. 1–101
• Verde, Mariano (2002), (PDF), Universidad de la República, pp. 1–125

Dolores Formation

• Alberdi, María Teresa; Prado, José Luis; Perea, Daniel; Ubilla, Martín (2007), , Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen, 243 (2): 179–189, Bibcode:, doi:
• Alvarenga, Herculano; Jones, Washington; Rinderknecht, Andrés (2010), (PDF), Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen, 256 (2): 229–234, Bibcode:, doi:
• Gutiérrez, Mercedes; Prado, José Luis; Perea, Daniel; Ubilla, Martín (2005), , Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte, 2005 (11): 641–662, doi:

Fray Bentos Formation

• Bond, Mariano; López, Guillermo; Reguero, Marcelo A.; Scillato Yané, Gustavo J.; Vucetich, María G. (1998), , Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. Publicación Especial, 5: 41–50
• Tófalo, Ofelia Rita; Morrás, Héctor J.M. (2009), (PDF), Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina: 674–686

Raigón Formation

• Tófalo, Ofelia Rita; Morrás, Héctor J.M. (2009), (PDF), Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina: 674–686

San José Formation

• Rinderknecht, Andrés; Noriega, Jorge Ignacio (2002), , Ameghiniana, 39: 183–191

Sopas Formation

• Corona, Andrea; Ubilla, Martín; Perea, Daniel (2019), , Andean Geology, 46: 153–167, doi:, hdl:

Venezuela

Chaguaramas Formation

• Horovitz, Inés; Sánchez Villagra, Marcelo R. (2012), (PDF), Venezuela Paleontológica: Evolución de la diversidad en el pasado, pp. 133–156{{citation}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)

Parángula Formation

• Paolillo, Alfredo; Linares, Omar J. (2007), (PDF), Paleobiología Neotropical, 03: 1–25

Falcón Basin

Cantaure & Paraguaná Formations

• Mendi, David; Rodríguez, Eliana (2005), , Universidad Central de Venezuela, pp. 1–184

Capadare Formation

• Ferreira, Gabriel S.; Rincón, Ascanio D.; Solórzano, Andrés; Langer, Max C. (2015), (PDF), PeerJ, 3 e1063, Bibcode:, doi:, PMC , PMID 2017-12-02 at the Wayback Machine
• Penín Cendón, José Antonio; Villarroel Estaba, Vanessa Ilia (2005), (PDF), Universidad Central de Venezuela, pp. 1–199

Castillo Formation

• Johnson, Kenneth G.; Sánchez Villagra, Marcelo R.; Aguilera, Órangel A. (2009), , PALAIOS, 24 (1): 59–69, Bibcode:, CiteSeerX , doi:
• Rincón, Ascanio D.; Solórzano, Andrés; McDonald, H. Gregory; Núñez Flores, Mónica (2017), , Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 24 (2): 179–191, doi:
• Rincón, Ascanio D.; Solórzano, Andrés; Benammi, Mouloud; Vignaud, Patrick; McDonald, H. Gregory (2014), (PDF), Andean Geology, 41: 507–528
• Solórzano, Andrés; Rincón, Ascanio D.; Cidade, Giovanne M.; Núñez Flores, Mónica; Sánchez, Leonardo (2019), (PDF), Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 99 (2): 241–259, Bibcode:, doi:
• Urbani, Franco; Mendi, David (2010), , Boletín de la Academia de Ciencias Físicas, Matemáticas y Naturales, LXX: 9–25

Mesa Formation

• Granadino A., Maybelle N (2012), (PDF), Universidad Central de Venezuela, pp. 1–126

Río Yuca Formation

• Rincón, Ascanio D.; Solórzano, Andrés; Macsotay, Oliver; McDonald, H. Gregory; Nüñez Flores, Mónica (2016), , Geobios, 757 (5): 1–35, Bibcode:, doi:

San Gregorio Formation

• Carlini, Alfredo A.; Brandoni, Diego; Sánchez, Rodolfo; Sánchez Villagra, Marcelo R. (2018), , Palaeontologia Electronica, 21 (2): Article number, Bibcode:, doi:
• Castro, Mariela C.; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Sánchez, Rodolfo; Sánchez Villagra, Marcelo R. (2014), , Naturwissenschaften, . (2): 1–10, Bibcode:, CiteSeerX , doi:, PMID

Santa Inés Formation

• Simpson, George Gaylord (1947), , American Museum Novitates (1368): 1–10, CiteSeerX

Urumaco, Socorro & Codore Formations

• Carrillo Briceño, Jorge D.; Maxwell, Erin; Aguilera, Órangel A.; Sánchez, Rodolfo; Sánchez Villagra, Marcelo R. (2015), "Sawfishes and Other Elasmobranch Assemblages from the Mio-Pliocene of the South Caribbean (Urumaco Sequence, Northwestern Venezuela)", PLoS ONE, 10 (10) e0139230, Bibcode:, doi:, PMC , PMID
• Linares, Omar J (2004), (PDF), Paleobiología Neotropical, 1: 1–26 2017-07-22 at the Wayback Machine
• Quijano Ballesteros, Jhon Richard (2005), (PDF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, pp. 1–92 2018-04-09 at the Wayback Machine
• Rincón, Ascanio D.; Solórzano, Andrés; McDonald, H. Gregory; Montellano Ballesteros, Marisol (2018), , Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 17 (5): 409–421, doi:
• Rincón, Ascanio D.; McDonald, H. Gregory; Solórzano, Andrés; Núñez Flores, Mónica; Ruiz Ramoni, Damián (2015), , Royal Society Open Science, 2 (2) 140256, Bibcode:, doi:, PMC , PMID

Further reading

• Prado, José Luis; Alberdi, María Teresa (2017), , Springer Science+Business Media, pp. 1–150, Bibcode:, ISBN 978-3-319-55877-6
• Croft, Darin A (2016), , Indiana University Press, pp. 1–320, ISBN 978-0-253-02094-9
• Fariña, Richard A.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; De Iuliis, Gerry (2013), , Indiana University Press, pp. 1–448, ISBN 978-0-253-00719-3
• Fleagle, John G.; Rosenberger, Alfred L. (2013), , Elsevier, pp. 1–256, ISBN 978-1-4832-6707-4
• Tambussi, Claudia P.; Degrange, Federico (2012), , Springer Science+Business Media, pp. 1–113, ISBN 978-94-007-5467-6
• Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Kay, Richard F.; Bargo, Susana (2012), , Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–370, ISBN 978-0-521-19461-7
• Madden, Richard H (2010), , Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–448, ISBN 978-0-521-87241-6
• Sánchez Villagra, Marcelo R.; Aguilera, Órangel A.; Carlini, Alfredo A. (2010), , Indiana University Press, pp. 1–304, ISBN 978-0-253-00200-6
• Croft, Darin A.; Flynn, John J.; Wyss, André R. (2004), (PDF), Fieldiana Geology, 50: 1–52
• Hartwig, W.C.; Meldrum, D.J. (2002), , Cambridge University Press, pp. 175–188, ISBN 978-0-521-08141-2
• Kay, Richard F.; Madden, Richard H.; Flynn, John J.; Cifelli, Richard L. (1997), , Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, pp. 1–608, ISBN 978-1-935623-85-4
• Simpson, George Gaylord (1996), , UMI, pp. 1–275, ISBN 978-0-7837-3311-1
• Pascual, Rosendo; Ortega Hinjosoa, Enrique J.; Gondar, Dolores; Tonni, Eduardo (1965), (PDF), Anales C.I.C., _: 165–193